Abstract
This chapter is an overview of tools for translating microfacies data into depositional settings. Using case studies of non-marine and marine carbonate rocks, we focus on the diagnostic criteria for recognizing the facies characteristics needed in basin analysis studies. Microfacies is an important element of basin analysis, but must be applied along with all the other field and laboratory observations available for reconstructing depositional conditions. This is exemplified by Fig. 15.1.
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Basics: Pedogenic carbonates and paleocaliche
Bain, R.J., Foos, A.M. (1993): Carbonate microfabrics related to subaerial exposure and paleosol formation. — In: Rhezak, R., Lavoie, D.L. (eds.): Carbonate microfabrics. — 19–27, New York (Springer)
Bullock, P., Fedoroff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G., Tursina, G., Babel, U. (1985): Handbook of soil thin section description. — 152 pp., Wolverhampton (Waine Research Publications)
Davies, J.R. (1991): Karstification and pedogenesis on a late Dinantian carbonate platform, Anglesey, North Wales. — Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 48, 297–321
Esteban, M., Klappa, C.F. (1983): Subaerial exposure environment. — In: Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., Moore, C.H. (eds.): Carbonate depositional environments. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 33, 1–54
Freytet, P., Plaziat, J.-C. (1982): Continental carbonate sedimentation and pedogenesis. Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of southern France. — Contributions to Sedimentology, 12, 1–213
Klappa, C.F. (1980): Rhizoliths in terrestrial carbonates: classification, recognition, genesis and significance. — Sedimentology, 27, 613–629
Klappa, C.F. (1983): A process-response model for the formation of pedogenic calcretes. — In: Wilson, R.C.L. (ed.): Residual deposits. — Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 11, 211–220
Gebhardt, U. (1988): Mikrofaziesanalyse und stratigraphischregionale Interpretation terrestrischer Karbonate der variszischen Molasse (Mitteleuropa, Permokarbon). — Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 427, 30–59
Reinhardt, J., Sigleo, W.R. (eds., 1988): Paleosols and weathering through geologic time: principles and application. — Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 216, 181 pp.
Read, J.F. (1976): Calcretes and their distinction from stromatolites. — In: Walter, M.R. (ed.): Stromatolites. — 55–71, NewYork (Elsevier)
Retallak, G.J. (2001): Soils of the past. Second edition. — 416 pp., Oxford (Blackwell Sciences)
Theriault, P., Desrochers, A. (1993): Carboniferous calcretes in the Canadian Arctic. — Sedimentology, 40, 449–465
Wright, V.P. (ed., 1986): Paleosols. Their recognition and interpretation. — 315 pp., Oxford (Blackwell)
Wright, V.P. (1994): Paleosols in shallow marine carbonate sequences. — Earth Science Review, 35, 367–395
Wright, V.P., Tucker, M.E. (eds., 1991): Calcretes. — International Association of Sedimentologists, Reprint Series, 2, 352 pp.
Wright, V.P., Platt, N.H., Marriott, S.B., Beck, V.H. (1995): A classification of rhizogenic (root-formed) calcretes, with examples from Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Upper Cretaceous of southern France. — Sedimentary Geology, 100, 143–158
Further reading: K030
Basics: Paleokarst
Bosak, P., Ford, D.C., Horacek, L, Glazek, J. (eds., 1989): Paleokarst — a systematic and regional review. — Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 1, 726 pp., (Artia)
Choquette, P.W., James, N.P. (eds., 1988): Paleokarst. — 416 pp., New York (Springer)
Choquette, P.W., James, N.P. (1988): Introduction. — In: Choquette, P.W., James, N.P. (eds.): Paleokarst. — 1–21, New York (Springer)
Ford, D.C. (1988): Characteristics of dissolutional cave systems in carbonate rocks. — In: Choquette, P.W., James, N.P. (eds.): Paleokarst. — 25–57, New York (Springer)
Ford, D.C. (1995): Paleokarst as a target for modern karstification. — Carbonates and Evaporites, 10, 138–147
Ford, D.C., Williams, P.W. (1989): Karst geomorphology and hydrology. — 601 pp., London (Unwin)
Playford, P. (2002): Palaeokarst, pseudokarst, and sequence stratigraphy in Devonian reef complexes of the Canning Basin, Western Australia. — In: Keep, M., Moss, S.J. (eds.): The sedimentary basins of western Australia, 3. — Pro-ceedings of the Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia Symposium, Perth, 763–793
Reinhold, C. (1998): Ancient helictites and the formation of vadose crystal silt in Upper Jurassic carbonates (southern Germany). — Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 378–390
Schönlaub, H.P., Klein, P., Magaritz, M., Rantitsch, G., Scharbert, S. (1991): Lower Carboniferous paleokarst in the Carnic Alps (Austria, Italy). — Facies, 25, 91–118
Smart, PL., Whitaker, F.F. (1991): Karst processes, hydrology, and porosity evolution. — In: Wright, V.P. (ed.): Palaeokarsts, and palaeokarstic reservoirs. — Postgraduate Research Institute of Sedimentology, Occasional Publication Series, 2, 1–55
Wright, V.P. (1991): Palaeokarst. Types, recognition, controls and associations. — In: Wright, V.P. (ed.): Palaeokarsts, and palaeokarstic reservoirs. — Postgraduate Research Institute of Sedimentology, Occasional Publication Series, 2, 56–88
Further reading: K031. An ‘Atlas of Speleothem Microfabrics’ by L. Bruce Railsback, including a glossary of relevant terms and a bibliography, can be found in the Internet (www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/speleoatlas).
Basics: Travertine, calcareous tufa and calcareous sinter
Arp, G., Wedemeyer, N., Reitner, J. (2001): Fluvial tufa formation in a hard-water creek (Deinschwanger Bach, Franconian Alb, Germany). — Facies, 44, 1–22
Ferreri, V. (1985): Criteri di analisi di facies e classificazioni dei travertini pleistocenici dell’Italia meridionale. — Rendiconti, Accademia delle Scienze Napoli, Dis. e Mat., 52, 1–47
Irion, G., Müller, G. (1968): Mineralogy, petrology and chemical composition of some calcareous tufa from the Schwabische Alb, Germany. — In: Muller, G., Friedman, G.M. (eds.): Recent developments in carbonate sedimentology in central Europe. — 157–171, Berlin (Springer)
Koban, C.G., Schweigert, G. (1993): Microbial origin of travertine fabrics-two examples from Southern Germany (Pleistocene Stuttgart travertines and Miocene Riedöschingen travertine). — Facies, 29, 251–263
Perry, C.T. (1994): Freshwater tufa stromatolites in the basal Purbeck Formation (Upper Jurassic), Isle-of-Portland, Dorset. — Geological Journal, 29, 119–135
Platt, N.H. (1992): Freshwater carbonates from the Lower Freshwater Molasse (Oligocene, western Switzerland): sedimentology and stable isotopes. — Sedimentary Geology, 78, 81–99
Schweigert, G. (1996): Vergleichende Faziesanalyse, Paläoökologie und paläogeographisches Umfeld tertiärer SüB-wasserkarbonate auf der westlichen Schwäbischen Alb und im Hegau (Baden-Württemberg). — Profil, 9, 1–100
Walter, M.B., Desmarais, D., Farmer, J.D., Hinman, N.W. (1996): Lithofacies and biofacies of mid-Paleozoic thermal spring deposits in the Drummond Basin, Queensland, Australia. — Palaios, 11, 497–518
Further reading: K029
Basics: Lacustrine and palustrine carbonates
Allen, P.A., Collison, J.D. (1986): Lakes. — In: Reading, H.G. (ed.): Sedimentary environments and facies. 2nd edition. — 63–94, Oxford (Blackwell)
Anadon, P., Cabrera, L., Kelts, K. (eds., 1991): Lacustrine facies analysis. — International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 13, 336 pp., Amsterdam (Elsevier)
Arp, G. (1995): Lacustrine bioherms, spring mounds, and marginal carbonates of the Ries-Impact-Crater (Miocene, Southern Germany). — Facies, 33, 35–90
Blomeier, D., Wisshak, M., Dalimann, W., Volohonsky, E., Freiwald, A. (2003): Facies analysis of the Old Red Sandstone of Spitsbergen (Wood Bay Formation): reconstruction of depositional environments and implication of basin development. — Facies, 49, 151–174
Clausing, A. (1990): Mikrofazies lakustriner Karbonathorizonte des Saar-Nahe-Beckens (Unterperm, Rotliegend, SW-Deutschland). — Facies, 23, 121–140
Friedman, G.M., Krumbein, W. (eds., 1985): Hypersaline ecosystems. — Ecological Studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 35, 500 pp.
Gebhardt, U., Merkel, T., Szabados, A. (2000): Karbonatsedimentation in siliziklastischen fluviatilen Abfolgen. — Freiberger Forschungshefte, C490, 133–168
Katz, B. (ed., 1990): Lacustrine basin exploration — case studies and modern analogues. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 50, 340 pp.
Matter, A., Tucker, M. (eds., 1978): Modern and ancient lake sediments. — International Association of Sedimentolo-gists, Special Publication, 2, 290 pp.
Monty, Cl., Mas, J.R. (1981): Lower Cretaceous (Wealden) blue-green algal deposits of the Province of Valencia, Eastern Spain. — In: Monty, Cl. (ed.): Phanerozoic stromatolites. Case studies. — 85–120, Berlin (Springer)
Picard, M.D., High, L.R. (1972): Criteria for recognizing lacustrine rocks. — In: Rigby, J.K., Hamblin, W.K. (eds.): Recognition of ancient sedimentary environments. — Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 16, 108–145
Stapf, K.R.G. (1989): Biogene fluvio-lakustrine Sedimentation im Rotliegend des permokarbonen Saar-NaheBeckens (SW-Deutschland). — Facies 20, 169–198
Talbot, M.R. (1990): A review of the palaeohydrological interpretation of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in primary lacustrine carbonates. — Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 80, 261–279
Talbot, M.R., Kelts, K. (eds., 1989): The Phanerozoic record of lacustrine basins and their environmental signal. — Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Special Issue, 70, 304 pp.
Wright, V.P. (1990): Lacustrine carbonates. — In: Tucker, M., Wright, V.P. (eds.): Carbonate sedimentology. — 164–189, Oxford (Blackwell)
Wright, V.P, Platt, N.H. (1995): Seasonal wetland carbonate sequence and dynamic catenas: a re-appraisal of palustrine limestones. — Sedimentary Geology, 99, 65–71
Further reading: K025, K026, K027, K176, K188
Basics: Peritidal carbonates
Alexander, CR., Davis, R.A., Henry, V.J. (eds., 1998): Tidalites: processes and products. — Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course Notes, 61, 171 pp.
Fischer, A.G. (1964): The Lofer cyclothems of the Alpine Triassic. — In: Merriam, D.F. (ed.): Symposium on cyclic sedimentation. — State Geological Survey of Kansas, Bulletin, 169, 107–169
Ginsburg, R.N. (ed., 1975): Tidal deposits: a case book of Recent examples and fossil counterparts. — 428 pp., New York (Springer)
Ginsburg, R.N., Hardie, L.A., Bricker, P.P., Garrett, P., Wanless, H.R. (1977): Exposure index: a quantitative approach to defining position within the tidal zone. — In: Hardie, L.A. (ed.): Sedimentation on the modern carbonate tidal flats of Northwest Andros Island, Bahamas. — 7–11, Baltimore (John Hopkins University Press)
Galli, G. (1991): Mangrove-generated structures and depositional model of the Pleistocene Fort Thompson Formation (Florida Plateau). — Facies, 25, 297–314
Joachimski, M.M. (1994): Subaerial exposure and deposition of shallowing upward sequences: evidence from stable isotopes of Purbeckian peritidal carbonates (basal Cretaceous), Swiss and French Jura Mountains. — Sedimentol-ogy, 41, 805–824
Laporte, L.F. (1967): Carbonate deposition near mean sea-level and resultant facies mosaic: Manlius Formation (Lower Devonian) of New York State. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 51, 73–101
Hardie, L.A. (1986): Stratigraphic models for carbonate tidal deposition. — In: Hardie, L.A., Shinn, E.A. (eds.): Car-bonate depositional environments, modern and ancient. Part 3: tidal flats. — Colorado School of Mines, Quarterly, 81, 59–74
Hardie, L.A., Shinn, E.A. (eds., 1986): Carbonate depositional environments, modern and ancient. Part 3: tidal flats. — Colorado School of Mines, Quarterly, 81, 74 pp.
James, N.P. (1984): Shallowing-upward sequences in carbonates. — In: Walker, R.G. (ed.): Facies models. — Geological Association of Canada, Geoscience Reprint Series, 1, 213–288
Kendall, C.G.St.C. (1987): A review of the origin and setting of tepees and their associated facies. — Sedimentology, 34, 1007–1027
Klein, G. deV. (1971): A sedimentary model for determining paleotidal range. — Geological Society of America, Bulle-tin, 82, 2585–2592
Pratt, R., James, N.P., Cowan, C.A. (1992): Peritidal carbonates. — In: Walker, R.G., James, N.P. (eds.): Facies models. Response to sea level change. — 303-322, Geological Association of Canada
Sadler, P.M. (1994): The suspected duration of upward-shallowing peritidal carbonate cycles and their terminal hiatuses. — Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 106, 791–802
Shinn, E.A. (1983): Tidal flat environments. — In: Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., Moore, C.H. (eds.): Carbonate depositional environments. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 33, 171–210
Strasser, A. (1988): Shallowing-upward sequences in Purbeckian tidal carbonates (lowermost Cretaceous, Swiss and French Jura). — Sedimentology, 35, 369–383
Skompski, S., Szulszewski, M. (1994): Tide-dominated Middle Devonian sequence from the northern part of the Holy Cross Mountains (Central Poland). — Facies 30, 247–266
Wright, V.O. (1984): Peritidal carbonate facies models: a review. — Geological Journal, 19, 309–325
Wright, V.O. (1990): Peritidal carbonates. — In: Tucker, M.E., Wright, V.O. (eds.): Carbonate sedimentology. — 137-164
Further reading: K020, K177
Basics: Carbonate platforms and ramps
Blomeier, D.P.G., Reijmer, JJ.G. (1999): Drowning of a Lower Jurassic carbonate platform: Jbel Bou Dahar, High Atlas, Morocco. — Facies, 41, 81–110
Erlich, R.N., Barrett, S.F., Ju, G.B. (1990): Seismic and geologic characteristics of drowning events on carbonate plat-forms. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 74, 1523–1537
Erlich, R.N., Longo, A.P., Hyare, S. (1993): Response of carbonate platform margins to drowning: evidence of environmental collapse. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 57, 241–266
Flügel, E. (1979): Paleoecology and microfacies of Permian, Triassic and Jurassic algal communities of platform and reef carbonates from the Alps. — Bulletin, Centres des Recherches Exploration-Production Elf-Aquitaine, 3, 569–587
Grötsch, J., Flügel, E. (1992): Facies of sunken Early Cretaceous atoll reefs and their capping Late Albian drowning succession (Northwestern Pacific). — Facies, 27, 153–174
Handford, C.R., Loucks, R.G. (1993): Carbonate depositional sequences and system tracts — responses of carbonate platforms to relative sea-level changes. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 57, 3–41
Hubmann, B. (2000): Die Rannach-und Schöckel-Decke des Grazer Paläozoikums. — Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie-und Bergbaustudenten in Österreich, 44, 1–44
Pomar, L. (2001a): Types of carbonate platforms: a genetic approach. — Basin Research, 13, 313–334
Pomar, L. (2001b): Ecological control of sedimentary accommodation: evolution from a carbonate ramp to a rimmed shelf. Upper Miocene, Balearic Islands. — Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 175, 249–272
Schlager, W. (1981): The paradox of drowned reefs and carbonate platforms. — Geological Society of America, Bul-letin, 92, 197–211
Schlager, W. (1989): Drowning unconformities on carbonate platforms. — In: Crevello, P.D., Wilson, J.L., Sarg, J.F., Read, J.F. (eds.): Controls on carbonate platforms and basin development. — SEPM Special Publication, 44, 15–25
Schlager, W. (1998): Exposure, drowning and sequence boundaries on carbonate platforms. — In: Camoin, G., Davies, P. (eds.): Reefs and carbonate platforms of the W Pacific and Indian Oceans. — International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 25, 3–21
Schlager, W. (1999): Scaling of sedimentation rates and drowning of reefs and platforms. — Geology, 27, 183–186
Stoessel, I. (1999): Rudists and carbonate platform evolution: the Late Cretaceous Maiella carbonate platform margin, Abruzzi, Italy. — Memorie di Scienze Geologiche, 51, 333–413
Swift, D.J.P., Thorne, J.A. (1991): Sedimentation on continental margins, I: a general model for shelf sedimentation. — In: Swift, D.J.P., Oertel, G.F., Tillman, R.W., Thorne, J.A. (eds.): Shelf sand and sandstone bodies. — International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publications, 14, 3–31
Szulczewski, M., Belka, Z., Skompski, S. (1996): The drowning of a carbonate platform: an example from the Devo-nian-Carboniferous of the southwestern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. — Sedimentary Geology, 106, 21–49
Wilmsen, M. (2000): Evolution and demise of a mid-Cretaceous carbonate shelf: the Altamira Limestones (Cenomanian) of northern Cantabria (Spain).-Sedimentary Geology, 133, 195–226
Wilson, P.A., Jenkyns, H.C., Elderfield, H., Larson, R.L. (1998): The paradox of drowned carbonate platforms and the origin of Cretaceous Pacific guyots. — Nature, 192, 889–894
Further reading: K177, K190
Basics: Platform margins and carbonate slopes
Betzler, C., Pfeiffer, M., Saxena, S. (2000): Carbonate shedding and sedimentary cyclicities of a distally steepened carbonate ramp (Miocene, Great Bahama Bank). — International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 140–153
Biddle, K.T., Schlager, W., Rudolph, K.W., Bush. T.L. (1992): Seismic model of a progradional carbonate platform, Picco di Vallandro, the Dolomites, Italy. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 76, 14–30
Bouma, A.H. (1962): Sedimentology of some flysch deposits. — 168 pp., Amsterdam (Elsevier)
Bouma, A.H., Stone, C. (eds., 2000): Fine-grained turbidite systems. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 72, 342 pp.
Brachert, T. C., Dullo, W.C. (1994): Micrite crusts on Ladinian foreslopes of the Dolomites seen in the light of a modern scenario from the Red Sea. — Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, 50, 57–68
Brandner, R., Flügel, E., Senowbari-Daryan, B. (1991): Microfacies of carbonate slope boulders: indicator of the source area (Middle Triassic: Mahlknecht Cliff, Western Dolomites). — Facies, 25, 279–296
Coniglio, M., Dix, G.R. (1992): Carbonate slopes. — In: Walker, R.G., James, N.P. (eds., 1992): Facies models. Response to sea level change. — 349-374, Geological Association of Canada
Cook, H.E., Enos, P. (eds., 1979): Deep-water carbonate environments. — Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publications, 25, 336 pp.
Cook, H.E., Hine, A.C., Mullins, H.T. (eds., 1983): Platform and deep water carbonates. — Society of Economic Pale-ontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course, 12, 563 pp.
Cook, H.E., Mullins, H.T. (1983): Basin margin environment. — In: Scholle, P.A., Bebout, D.G., Moore, C.H. (eds.): Carbonate depositional environments. — American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 33, 539–617
Crevello, P.D., Harris, P.M. (eds., 1985): Deep-water carbonates: buildups, turbidites, debris flows and chalks. — Society of Economie Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Core Workshop, 6, 557 pp.
Eberli, G. (1991): Calcareous turbidites and their relationship to sea-level fluctuations and tectonism. — In: Einsele, G., Ricken, W., Seilacher, A. (eds.): Cycles and events in stratigraphy. — 340–359, New York (Springer)
Edwards, D.E. (ed., 1993): Turbidity currents. Dynamics, deposits and reversals. — Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 44, 755 pp.
Einsele, G. (1991): Submarine mass flow deposits and turbidites. — In: Einsele, G., Ricken, W., Seilacher, A. (eds.): Cycles and events in stratigraphy. — 313–339, New York (Springer)
Engel, W. (1974): Sedimentologische Untersuchungen im Flysch des Beckens von Ajdovscina (Slowenien). — Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie, 16, 1–65
Everts, A.J. (1994): Carbonate sequence stratigraphy of the Vercors (French Alps) and its bearing on Cretaceous sea level. — Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 176 pp.
Flügel, E., Di Stefano, P., Senowbari-Daryan, B. (1991): Microfacies and depositional structure of allochthonous carbonate base-of-slope deposits: The Late Permian Pietra die Salomone megablock, Sosio Valley (Western Sicily). — Facies, 25, 147–186
Fürsich, F.T., Wilmsen, M., Seyed-Emami, K., Axhairer, G., Majidifard, M.R. (2003): Platform-basin transect of a Middle to Late Jurassic large-scale carbonate platform system (Shotori Mountains, Tabas Area, East-Central Iran). — Facies, 48, 171–198
Haak, A.B., Schlager, W. (1989): Compositional variations in calciturbidites due to sea-level fluctuations, late Quaternary, Bahamas. — Geologische Rundschau, 78, 477–486
Herbig, H.-G., Bender. P. (1992): A eustatically driven calciturbidite sequence from the Dinantian II of the Eastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge. — Facies, 27, 249–262
Hohenegger, J., Yordanova, E. (2001): Depth-transport functions and erosion-deposition diagrams as indicators of slope inclination and time-averaged traction forces: applications in tropical reef environments. — Sedimentology, 48, 1025–1046
James, N.R, Mountjoy, E.W. (1983): Shelf slope break in fossil carbonate platforms: An overview. — In: Stanley, DJ., Moore, G.T. (eds): The shelf-break: Critical interface in continental margins. — Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 33, 189–206, Tulsa
Keim, L., Schlager, W. (1999): Automicrite facies on steep slopes (Triassic, Dolomites, Italy). — Facies, 41, 15–26
Kenter, J.A.M. (1990): Carbonate platform flanks: slope angle and sediment fabric. — Sedimentology, 37, 777–794
Kenter, J.A.M., Campbell, A.E. (1991): Sedimentation on a Jurassic carbonate platform flank: geometry, sediment fabric and related depositional structures (Djebel Bou Dahar, High Atlas, Morocco). — Sedimentary Geology, 1-34
Kenter, J.A.M., Schlager, W. (1989): A comparison of shear strength in calcareous and marine sediments. — Marine Geology, 88, 145–152
Meischner, K.-D. (1964): Allodapische Kalke. Turbidite in riffnahen Sedimentationsbecken. — In: Bouma, A.H., Brouwer, A. (eds.): Turbidites. — Developments in Sedimentology, 3, 156–191
Mullins, H.T., Cook, H.E. (1986): Carbonate apron models: alternatives to the submarine fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration. — Sedimentary Geology, 48, 37–79
Mutti, M., Ricci Lucchi, F. (1978): Turbidites of the northern Apennines: introduction to facies analysis. — Geology Review, 20. 125–166
Reijmer, J.J.G., Everaars, J.S.L. (1991): Carbonate platform facies reflected in carbonate basin facies (Triassic, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). — Facies, 25, 253–288
Reijmer, J.J.G., Schlager, W., Bosscher, H., Beets, C.J., McNeill, D.F. (1992): Late Pliocene platforn facies transition recorded in calciturbidites (Exuma Sound, Bahamas). — Sedimentary Geology, 78, 171–179
Reijmer, J.J.G., Sprenger, A., Ten Kate, W.G.H.Z., Schlager, W., Krystyn, L. (1994): Periodicities in the composition of Late Triassic calciturbidites (Eastern Alps, Austria). — In: De Boer, P., Smoth, D.G. (eds.): Orbital forcing and cyclic sequences. — International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication, 19, 323–343
Reijmer, J.J.G., Ten Kate, W.G.H.Z., Sprenger, A., Schlager, W. (1991): Calciturbidite composition related to exposure and flooding of carbonate platforms (Triassic, Eastern Alps). — Sedimentology, 38, 1059–1074
Russo, F., Mastandrea, A., Neri, C. (1998): The Cipit boulders from the surroundings of the Sella Massif. — Giornale di Geologia, Ser. 3, 60, Special Issue, ECOS-VII-Southern Alps Field Trip Guidebook, 108-11
Schlager, W., Camber, O. (1986): Submarine slope angles, drowning unconformities and self erosion of limestone escarpments. — Geology, 14, 762–765
Schlager, W., Reijmer, J.J.G., Droxler, A.W. (1994): High-stand shedding of rimmed carbonate platforms — an over-view. — Journal of Sedimentary Research, B64, 270–281
Shanmugam, G. (2000): 50 years of turbidite paradigm (1950s-1990s): deep water processes and facies models-a critical perspective. — Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17, 285–342
Spence, G.H., Tucker, M.E. (1997): Genesis of limestone megabreccias and their significance in carbonate sequence stratigraphic models: a review. — Sedimentary Geology, 112, 163–193
Stanley, D.J., Moore, G.T. (eds., 1983): The shelf-break: Critical interface in continental margins. — Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 33, 467 pp.
Steiger, T. (1981): Kalkturbidite im Oberjura der Nördlichen Kalkalpen (Barmsteinkalke, Salzburg, Österreich). — Facies, 4, 215–348
Further reading: K178, K180, K192
Basics: Deep-marine pelagic carbonates
Bandel, K. (1974): Deep-water limestones from the Devonian-Carboniferous of the Carnic Alps, Austria. — Inter-national Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publications, 1, 93–115
Bernoulli, D., Jenkyns, H.C. (1974): Alpine, Mediterranean and Central Atlantic Mesozoic facies in relation to the early evolution of the Tethys. — In: Dott, R.H., Shaver, R.M. (eds.): Modern and ancient geosynclinal sedimentation. — Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publications, 19, 129–160
Böhm, F. (1992): Mikrofazies und Ablagerungsmilieu des Lias und Doggers der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. — Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen, 121, 57–217
Cook, H.E., Enos, P. (eds., 1977): Deep-water carbonate environments. — Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publications, 25, 336 pp.
Farinacci, A. and Elmi, S. (eds., 1981): Rosso Ammonitico Symposium 1980. — 602 pp., Roma (Tecnoscienza)
Garrison, R.E. (1972): Inter-and intrapillow limestones of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. — Journal of Geology, 80, 310–322
Garrison, R.E., Fischer, A.G. (1969): Deep-water limestones and radiolarites of the Alpine Jurassic. — In: Friedman, G.M. (ed.): Depositional environments in carbonate rocks. A symposium. — Society of Economie Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publications, 14, 20–56
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Further reading: K022, K181; see also Basics: Platform margins and carbonate slopes.
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Flügel, E. (2004). Basin Analysis: Recognizing Depositional Settings. In: Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08726-8_15
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