Zusammenfassung
Als Metastasierung wird der Prozess der Absiedlung und des Wachstums von Tumorzellen in einem vom Primärtumor entfernten Organ bezeichnet. Da der heutige Stand der medizinischen Technik die Entfernung nahezu jeden Primärtumors erlaubt, ist es dieser Prozess der Metastasierung und insbesondere die Repetitivität dieses Vorgangs, die noch immer häufig den Grenzstein kurativer Therapie darstellen. Untersuchungen zur Mechanistik, die einer Tumorzelle Invasivität verleihen, sind daher eine essentielle Voraussetzung für die Erarbeitung prinzipiell neuer therapeutischer Konzepte.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Adachi M, Taki T, Leki Y, Huang CL, Higashiyama M, Miyake M (1996) Correlation of KAI1/CD82 expression with good prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.Cancer Res 56: 1251–1255
Adany R, Lozzo RV (1990) Altered methylation of versican proteoglycan gene in human colon carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 171: 1402–1413
Agrez MV (1996) Cell adhesion molecules and colon cancer.Aust N ZJ Surg 66: 791–798
Ahmad A, Hart IR (1997) Mechanisms of metastasis.Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 26: 163–173
Albelda SM (1993) Role of integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in tumor progression and metastasis. Lab Invest 68: 4–17
Alberts et al. (2001) Cell Junctions, cell adhesion, and the extracellular matrix. In: Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raft M, Roberts K, Watson JD (eds) Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn. Garland, New York, pp 949–1009
Albini A, Melchiori A, Santi L, Liotta LA, Brown PD, Stetler-Stevenson WG (1991) Tumor cell invasion inhibited by TIMP-2.J Natl Cancer Inst 83: 775–779
Albini A (1998) Tumor and endothelial cell invasion of basment membranes.The matrigel chemoinvasion assay as a tool for dissecting molecular mechanisms. Pathol Oncol Res 4: 230–241
Alonso-Varona A, Palomares T, Bilboa P, Calle Y, Castro B, Barbera-Guillem E (1996) Tumor-host interaction in non-random metastatic pattern distribution. Bull Cancer 83: 27–38
Anand-Apte B, Bao L, Smith R, Iwata K, Olsen BR, Zetter B, Apte SS (1996) A review of tissue inhibitor of metallproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) and experimental analysis of its effect on primary tumor growth. Biochem Cell Biol 74: 853–862
Andreasen PA, Kjoller L, Christensen L, Duffy MJ (1997) The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review. Int J Cancer 72: 1–22
Appella E, A RE, J US, Stoppell MP, Corti A, Cassani G, Blasi F (1987) The receptor-binding sequence of urokinase. J Biol Chem 262: 44374440
Aresu O, Nicolò G, Allavena G, Melchiori A, Schmidt J, Kopp JB, d’Amore E, Chader GD, Albini A (1991) Invasive activity, spreading and chemotactic response to laminin are properties of high but not low metastatic mouse osteosarcoma cells. Invasion Metastasis 11: 2–13
Aumailley M, Smyth N (1998)The role of laminins in basement membrane function.J Anat 193:1–21
Aznavoorian S, Stracke ML, Krutzsch HC, Schiffmann E, Liotta LA (1999) Signal transduction for chemotaxis and haptotaxis by matrix molecules in tumor cells.] Cell Biol 110: 1427–1438
Bardelli A, Basile ML, Audero E, Giordano S, Wennstrom S, Menard C, Comoglio PM, Ponzetto C (1999) Concomitant activation of pathways downstrean of Grb2 and PI 3-kinase is required for Met-mediated metastasis. Oncogene 18: 1139–1146
Bar-Shavit R, Eldor A, Vlodaysky I (1989) Binding of thrombin to subendothelial extracellular matrix: protection and expression of functional properties.J Clin Invest 84: 1096–1104
Basara ML, McCarthy JB, Barnes DW, Furcht LT (1985) Stimulation of haptotaxis and migration of tumor cells by serum spreading factor. Cancer Res 45: 2487–2494
Battaro DP, Rubin J5, Faletto DL, Chan AM-L, Kmiecik TE, Vande Woude GF, Aaronson SA (1991) Identification of the hapatocyte growth factor as the c-met proto-oncogene product. Science 251: 802–804
Bauer J, Margolis M, Schreiner C, Edgell CJ, Azizkhan J, Lazarowski E, Juliano RL (1992) In vitro model of angiogenesis using human endothelium-derived permanent cell line: contribution of induced gene expression, G-proteins and integrins.J Cell Physiol 153: 437–449
Bellusci S, Moens G, Gaudino G, Comoglio P, Nakamura T, Thiery J-P, Jouanneau J (1994) Creation of an hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor
autocrine loop in carcinoma cells induces invasive properties associated with increased tumorigenicity.Oncogene 9:1091–1099
Bergers G, Javaherian K, Lo KM; Folkman J, Hanahan D (1999) Effects of angiogenesis inhibitors on multistage carcinogeneisis in mice. Science 284: 808–812
Besser D, Bardelli A, Didichenko 5, Thelen M, Comoglio PM, Ponzetto C, NagamineY (1997) regulation of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene by the oncogene Tpr-met involves GRB2. Oncogene 14: 705–711
Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RN, Mannori G, Cecconi O (1994) Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules in human disease. Annu Rev Med 45: 361–378
Bicknell R, Harris AL (1996) Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of angiogenesis. Curr Opin Oncol 8: 60–65
Birchmeier W, Brinkmann V, Niemann C, Meiners S, DiCesare S, Naindorf H, Sachs M (1997) Role of HGF/SF and c-Met in morphogenesis and metastasis of epithelial cells.Ciba Found Symp 212: 230–240
Birkedal-Hansen H (1993) Matrix metalloproteinases: a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 4: 197–250
Blezinger P, Wang J, Gondo M et al. (1999) Systemic inhibition of tumor growth and tumor metastases by intramuscular administration of the endostatin gene. Nat Biotechnol 17: 343–348
Boag AH, Young ID (1993) Immunohistochemical analysis of type IV collagenase expression in prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol 6: 65–68
Boehm T, Folkman J, Browder T, O’Reilly MS (1997) Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance. Nature 390: 404–407
Borkakoti N (1998) Matrix metalloproteases: variations on a theme. Prg Biophys Mol Biol 70: 73–94
Bottaro DP, Rubin JS, Faletto DL, Chan AM-L, Kmiecik TE, Vande Woude GF, Aaronson SA (1991) Identification of the haptocyte growth factor as the c-met proto-oncogene product. Science 251: 802–804
Bottazzi B, Colotta F, Sica A, Nobili N, Mantovani A (1990) A chemoattractant expressed in human sarcoma cells (tumor-derived chemotactic factor, TDCF) is identical to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCP-1/MCAF). Int J Cancer 45: 795–797
Brooks PC, Clark RAF, Cheresh DA (1994) Requirement of vascular integrin av133 for angiogenesis. Science 264: 569–571
Brower V (1999) Tumor angiogenesis–new drugs on the block. Nature Biotechn 17: 963–968
Brown LF, Berse B, Jackman RW, Tognazzi K, Manseau EJ, Senger DR, Dvorak HF (1993a) Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in adenocarinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Res 53: 4727–4735
Brown PD, Bloxidge RE, Stuart NS, Gatter KC, Carmichael J (1993b) Association between expression of activated 72-kilodalton gelatinase and tumor spread in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 574–578
Buckley CD, Rainger GE, Bradield PF, Nash GB, and Simmons DL. Cell adhe- sion: more than just glue. Mol. Membr. Biol. 15, 167–176, 1998.
Burthem J, Baker PK, Hunt JA, Cawley JC (1994) Hairy cell interactions with extracellular matrix:expression of specific integrin receptors and their role in the cell’s response to specific adhesive proteins. Blood 84: 873–882
Bussemakers MJ, Schalken JA (1996) The role of cell adhesion molecules and proteases in tumor invasion and metastasis. World J Urol 14: 151–156
Cajot JF, Bamat J, Bergonzelli GE, Kruithof EK, Medcalf RL, Testuz J, Sordat B (1990) Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 is a potent natural inhibitor of extracellular matrix degradation by fibrosarcoma and colon carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 6939–6943
Cao Y (1999) Therapeutic potentials of angiostatin in the treatment of cancer. Haematologica 84: 643–650
Carmeliet P, Collen D (1996) Genetic analysis of the plasminogen and coagulation system in mice. Haemostasis [Suppl] 4: 132–153
Carmichael DF, Sommer A, Thompson RC, Anderson DC, Smith CG, Welgus HG, Stricklin GP (1986) Primary structure and cDNA cloning of human fibroblast collagenase inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 2407–2411
Castronovo V, Kusaka M, Chariot A, Gielen J, Sobel M (1994) Homeobox genes: potential candidates for the transcriptional control of the transformed and invasive phenotype. Biochem Pharmacol 47: 137–143
Chen QR, Kumar D, Stass SA, Mixson AJ (1999) Liposomes complexed to plasmids encoding angiostatin and endostatin inhibit breast cancer in nude mice.Cancer Res 59: 3308–3312
Claffey KP, Robinson GS (1996) Regulation ofVEGFNPF expression in tumor cells: Consequences for tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Metas Rev 15: 165–176
Coman DR (1953) Mechanisms responsible for the origin and distribution of blood-borne tumor metastases: a review. Cancer Res 13: 397–404
Crowe DL, Shuler CF (1999) Regulation of tumor cell invasion by extracellular matrix. Histol Histopathol 14: 665–671
Crowley CW, Cohen RL, Lucas BK, Liu G, Shuman MA, Levinson AD (1993) Prevention of metastasis by inhibition of the urokinase receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5021–5025
Daidone MG, Silvestrini R, D’Errico A et al. (1991)Laminin receptors, collage-nase IV and prognosis in node-negative breast cancers.IntJ Cancer 48: 529–532
Dameron KM, Volpert OV, Tainsky MA, Bouck N (1994) Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombos-pondin-1. Science 265: 1582–1584
Danen EHJ, Muijen GNP, van deWiel-van Kemenade E, Jansen KFJ, Ruiter DJ, Figdor CG (1993) Regulation of integrin-mediated adhesion to laminin and collagen in human melanocytes and in non-metastatic and highly metastatic human melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 54: 315–321
Davies G, Jiang WG, Mason MD (1998) E-cadherin and associated molecules in the invasion and progression of prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 5: 1567–1576
Dedhar S (1999) Integrins and signal transduction. Curr Opin Hematl 6: 37–43
Denis LJ, and Verweij J. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: present achievments and future prospects. Invest. New Drugs 15, 175–185, 1997.
Desai SB, Libutti SK (1999)Tumor angiogenesis and endothelial cell modulatory factors. J Immunother22:186–211
Dippold W, Wittig B, Schwaeble W, Mayet W, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH (1993) Expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54) in colonic epithelial cells.Gut 34: 1593–1597
Dong Z, Yoneda J, Kumar R, Fidler IJ (1998) Angiostatin-mediated suppression of cancer metastases by primary neoplasms engineered to produce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Exp Med 188: 755–763
Eccles SA (1999) Heparanase: breaking down barriers in tumors. Nat Med 5: 735–736
Ellis V, Scully ME, Kakkar W (1989) Plasminogen activation initiated by single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Potentiation by U937 monocytes.J Biol Chem 264: 2185–2188
Emonard HP, Remade AG, Nöel AC, Grimaud JA, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Foidart JM (1992)Tumor cell surface-associated binding site for the Mr 72, 000 Type IV collagenase. Cancer Res 52: 5845–5848
Engelberg H (1999) Actions of heparin that may affect the malignant process. Cancer 85: 257–272
Estreicher A, Mühlhauser J, Carpentier J-L, Orci L, Vassalli J-D (1990) The receptor for urokinase type plasminogen activator polarizes expression of the protease to the leading edge of migrating monocytes and promotes degradation of enzyme inhibitor complexes. J Cell Biol 111: 783–792
Faassen AE, Schrager JA, Klein DJ, Oegema TR, Couchman JR, McCarthy JB (1992) A cell surface chondroitin sulfate pro-teoglycan, immunologically related to CD44, is involved in type I collagen-mediated melanoma cell motility and invasion.J Cell Biol 116: 521–531
Fazioli F, Blasi F (1994) Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor: new targets for anti-metastastic therapy.TIPS 15: 25–29
Fibbi G, Ziche M, Morbidelli L, Magnelli L, DelRosso M (1988) Interaction of urokinase with specific receptors stimulates mobilization of bovine adrenal capillary endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 179: 385–395
Fidler IJ, Hart IR (1982) Biologial diversity in metastatic neoplasms:Origins and implications. Science 217: 998–1003
Fidler IJ, Kripke ML (1977) Metastasis results from preexisting variant cells within a malignant tumor. Science 197: 893–895
Fidler IJ, Radinsky R (1990) Genetic control of cancer metastasis [editorial]. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 166–168
Folkman J, Shing Y (1992) Angiogenesis.J Biol Chem 267: 10931–10934
Folkman J (1995a) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nature Med 1, 27–31
Folkman J (1995b) Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Engl J Med 333: 1757–1763
Frenette PS, Mayadas TN, Rayburn H, Hynes RO, Wagner DD (1996) Susceptibility to infection and altered hematopoiesis in mice deficient in both P- and E-selectins. Cel l 84: 563–574
Fridman R, Sweeney TM, Zain M, Martin GR, Kleinman HK (1992) Malignant transformation of NIH-3T3 cells after subcutaneous co-injection with a reconstituted basement membrane (matrigel). Int J Cancer 51: 740–744
Friedlander M, Brooks PC, Schaffer RW, Kincaid CM, Varner JA, Cheresh DA (1995) Definition of two angiogenic pathways by distinct alpha v integrins. Science 270: 1500–1502
Frisch SM, Morisaki JH (1990) Positive and negative transcriptional elements of the human type IV collagenase gene. Mol Cell Biol 10: 6524–6532
Fujita S, Suzuki H, Kinoshita M, Hirohashi S (1992) Inhibition of cell attachment, invasion and metastasis of human carcinoma cells by anti-integrin beta 1 subunit antibody.Jpn J Cancer Res 83, 1317–1326
Fukushima K, Hirota M, Terasaki PI et al. (1984) Characterization of sialosylated Lewis X as a tumor associated antigen. Cancer Res 44: 5279–5285
Garbisa S, Scagliotti G, Masiero L et al. (1992) Correlation of serum metalloproteinase levels with lung cancer metastasis and response to therapy.Cancer Res 52: 4548–4549
Gately S, Twardowski P, Stack MS etal.(1997)The mechanism of cancer-mediated conversion of plasminogen to the angiogenesis inhibitor angistatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 10868–10872
Gavanaugh PG, Nicolson GL (1989) Purification and some properties of lung-derived growth factor that differentially stimulates the growth of tumor cells metastatic to the lung. Cancer Res 49: 3928–3933
Gearing AJH, Newman W (1993) Circulating adhesion molecules in disease. Immunol Today 14: 506–512
Ghebranious N, Donehower LA Mouse models in tumor suppression. Oncogene 17: 3385–3340
Giavazzi R, Chirivi RG, Garafalo A, Rambaldi A, Hemingway I, Pigott R, Gearing Ai (1992) Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is released by human melanoma cells and is associated with tumor growth in nude mice. Cancer Res 52: 2628–2630
Giordano S, Bardelli A, Zhen Z, Menard S, Ponzetto C, Comoglio PM (1997) A point mutation in the MET oncogene abrogates metastasis without affectin transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 13868–13872
Gleiber WE, Schiffmann E (1984) Identification of a chemoattractant for fibroblasts produced by human breast carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 44: 3398–3402
Gohji K, Fidler IJ, Tsan R, Radinsky R, von Eschenbach AC, TsuruoT (1994) Human recombinant interferons-beta and -gamma decrease gelatinase production and invasion by human KG-2 renal carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 58: 380–384
Gomez DE, Alonso DF, Yoshiji H, Thorgeirsson UP (1997) Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases:structure, regulation and biological functions.Eur J Cell Biol 74: 111–122
Gray ST, Wilkins RJ, Yun K (1992) Interstitial collagenase gene expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 141: 301–306
Griffiths L, Stratford IJ (1997) Platelet-derived endothelial growth factor thymidine phosphorylase in tumour growth and response to therapy. Br J Cancer 76: 689–693
Günthert U, Hofman M, Rudy S et al. (1991) A new variant of glycoprotein CD44 confers metastatic potential to rat carcinoma cells. Cell 65: 13–24
Günthert U (1993) CD44: A multitude of isoforms with diverse functions. CurrTopics Microbiol Immunol 184: 47–63
Gunthert U, Schwarzler C, Wittig B et al. (1998) Functional involvement of CD44, a family of cell adhesion molecules, in immune responses, tumour progression and haematopoiesis.Adv Exp Med Biol 451: 43–49
Hansen MF, Cavenee WK (1988) Tumor suppressors: Recessive mutations that lead to cancer. Cell 53: 172–173
Harris AL (1998) Anti-angiogenesis therapy and strategies for integrating it with adjuvant therapy. Recent results. Cancer Res 152: 341–352
Harris SR, Thorgeirsson UP (1998) Tumor angiogenesis: biology and therapeutic prospects. In Vivo 12: 563–570
Herlyn M, Graeven U, Speicher D, Sela B-A, Bennicelli JL, Kath R, DuPont IV G (1991) Characterization of tenascin secreted by human melanoma cells.Cancer Res 51: 4853–4858
Herrera-Gayol A, Jothy S (1999) Adhesion proteins in the biology of breast cancer: contribution of CD44. Exp Mol Pathol 66: 149–156
Hibbetts K, Hines B, Williams D (1999) An overview of protease inhibitors.J Vet Intern Med 13: 302–308
Holash J, Maisonpierre C, Compton D, Boland P, Alexander CR, Zagzag D, Yancopoulos GD, Wiegand Si (1999) Vessel cooption, regression and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF. Science 284: 1994–1999
Holmgren L, O’Reilly MS, Folkman J (1995) Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nature Med 1: 149–153
Honn KV, Chen YQ, TimarJ et al. (1992) Alpha Ilb beta 3 integrin expression and function in subpopulations of murine tumors. Exp Cell Res 201: 23–32
Horak ER, Leek AKC, Klenk N, LeJeune S, Smith K, Stuart N, Greenall M, Stepniewska K, Harris AL (1992) Angiogenesis, assessed by platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies, as indicator of node metastases and survival in breast cancer. Lancet 340: 1120–1124
Huang YW, Baluna R, Vitetta ES (1997) Adhesion molecules as targets for cancer therapy. Histol Histopathol 12: 467–477
Hughes PE, Pfaff M (1998) Integrin affinity modulation.Trends Cell Biol 8: 359–364
Hulett MD, Freemna C, Hamford BJ, Baker RT, Harris MJ, Parish CR (1999) Cloning of mammalian heparanase, an important enzyme in tumor invasion and metastasis. Nat Med 5: 803–809
Hurewitz AN, Zucker S, Mancuso P, Wu CL, Dimassimo B, Lysik RM, Moutsiakis D (1992) Human pleural effusions are rich in matrix metalloproteinases.Chest 102: 1808–1814
Lida J, Meijne AM, Knutson JR, Furcht LT, McCarthy JB (1996) Cell surface chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in tumor cell adhesion, motility and invasion.Semin Cancer Biol 7: 155–162
Lngber D (1991) Extracellular matrix and cell shape: potential control points for inhibition of angiogenesis.J Cell Biochem 47: 236–241
Lozzo RV, Cohen I (1993) Altered proteoglycan gene expression and the tumor stroma.Experientia 49: 447–455
Lozzo RV (1998) Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function. Annu Rev Biochem 67: 609–652
Lozzo RV (1988) Proteoglycans and neoplasia. Metastasis Rev 7: 39–50
Iwai K, Ishikura H, Kaji M (1993) Importance of E-selectin (ELAM-1) and sialyl-Lewis (a) in the adhesion of pancreatic carcinoma cells to activated endothelium. lnt J Cancer 54: 972–977
Jang WG (1996) E-cadherin and its associated protein catenins, cancer invasion and metastasis. Br J Surg 83: 437–446
Jeffers M, Fiscella M, Webb CP, Anver M, Koochekpour S, Vande-Woude GF (1998) The mutationally activated Met receptor mediates motility and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 14417–14422
Jeffers M, Rong S, Woude GF (1996) Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-met signaling in tumorigneicity and invasion/metastasis. J Mol Med 74: 505–513
Kahari VM, Saarialho-Kere U (1999) Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in tumor growth and invasion. Ann Med 31: 34–45
Kahari VM, Larjava H, Uitto J (1991) Differential regulation of extracellular matrix proteoglycan (PG) gene expression.Transforming growth factor-beta 1 up-regulates biglycan (PGI), and versican (large fibroblast PG) but down-regulates decorin (PGII) mRNA levels in human fibroblasts in culture.J Biol Chem 266: 10608–10615
Kamalati T, Niranjan B, Yant J, Buluwela L (1999) HGF/SF in mammary epithelial growth and morphogenesis: in vitro and in vivo models.J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 4: 69–77
Karaoka H, DeCastro R, Zucker S, Biswas C (1993) Tumor cell-derived collagenase-stimulatory factor increases expression of interstitial collage-nase, stromelysin, and 72-kDa gelatinase. Cancer Res 53: 3154–3158
Kato M, Bernfield M (1990) Epithelial cells made deficient in syndecan lose cell surface expression of E-cadherin and beta 1-integrins.J Cell Biol 111: 263–271
Kaufmann M, Heider KH, Sinn HP, von Minckwitz G, Ponta H, Herrlich P (1995) CD44 variant exon epitopes in primary breast cancer and lenght of survival. Lancet 345: 615–619
Keiser A, Weich HA, Brandner G, Marme D, Kolch W (1994) Mutant p53 potentiates protein kinase C induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Oncogene 9: 963–969
Kerr LD, Miller DB, Matrisian LM (1990) TGF-beta 1 inhibition of transin/ stromelysin gene expression is mediated through a Fos binding se-q uen ce. Ce 1161: 267–278
Khan AR, James MN (1998) Molecular mechanisms for the conversion of zymogens to active proteolytic enzymes. Protein Sci 7: 815–836
Killion JJ, Radinsky R, Fidler IJ (1998) Orthotopic models are necessary to predict therapy of trnasplantabne tumors in mice. Cancer Metastasis Rev 17: 279–284
Kirsch M, Strasser J, Allende R, Bello L, Zhang J, Black PM (1998) Angiostatin suppresses malignant glioma growth in vivo. Cancer Res 58: 4654–4659
Klein G (1987) The approaching era of tumor suppressor genes. Science 238: 1539–1545
Kleiner DE, Stetler-Stevenson WG (1999) Matrix metalloproteinases and metastasis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 43 [Suppl]: 42–51
Kleinman HK, Weeks BS, Schnaper HW, Kibbey MC, Yamamura K, Grant DS (1993) The laminins: a family of basement membrane glycoproteins important in cell differentiation and tumor metastases. Vitam Horm 47: 161–186
Klockars M, Pettersson T, Fröseth B, Sel roos O, Stenman U-H (1990) Concentration of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor ( TATI) in pleural effusions. Chest 98: 1159–1164
Knudson BS, Silverstein RL, Leung LLK, Harpel PC, Nachman RL (1986) Binding of plasminogen to extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 261: 1076510771
Koch AE, Halloran MM, Haskell CJ, Shah MR, Polverini PJ (1995) Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Nature 376: 517–519
Kogerman P, Sy MS, Culp LA (1998) Over-expression of human CD44 s in murine 3T3 cells:selection against during primary tumorigenesis and selection for during micrometastasis.Clin Exp Metast 16: 83–93
Koivunen E, Ristimäki A, ltkonen O, Osman S, Vuento M, U-HS (1991) Tumor-associated trypsin participates in cancer cell-mediated degradation of extracellular matrix.Cancer Res 51: 2107–2112
Konomi K, Imayama S, Nagae S, Terasaka R, Chijiiwa K, Yashima Y (1992) Melanocyte chemotactic factor produced by skin metastases of a breast carcinoma.) Surg Oncol 50: 62–66
Kosir MA, Wang W, Zukowski KL, Tromb G, Barber J (1999) Degradation of basement membrane by prostate tumor heparanase. J Surg Res 81: 42–47
Krause T, Turner GA (1999) Are selectins invovled in metastasis? Clin Exp Metastasis 17: 183–192
Kuiper RA, Schellens JH, Blijham GH, Beijnen JH, Voest EE (1998) Clinical research on angiogenic therapy. Pharmacol Res 37: 1–16
Kwaan HC (1992)The plasminogen-plasmin system in malignancy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 11:291–311
Laidler P, Litynska A (1 997) Tumor cell N-glycans in metastasis. Acta Bioch i m Pol 44: 343–357
Lee JH, Miele ME, Hicks DJ, Phillips KK, Trent JM, Weissman BE, Welch DR (1996) KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene.) Natl Cancer Inst 88: 1731–1737
Lenter M, Levinovitz A, Isenmann S, Vestweber D (1994) Monospecific and common glycoprotein ligands for E- and P-selectin on myeloid cells.) Cell Biol 125: 471–481
Leppä S, Mali M, Miettinen HM, Jalkanen M (1992) Syndecan expression regulates cell morphology and growth of mouse mammary epithelial tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 932–936
Lesley J, Hymann R, English N, Catterall JB, TurnerGA (1997) CD44 in inflammation and metastasis.Glycoconj 14: 611–622
Lester BR, McCarthy JB (1992) Tumor cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and signal transduction mechanisms implicated in tumor cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 11: 31–44
Lijnen HR, Ugwu F, Bini A, Collen D (1998) Generation of an angiostatin-like fragment from plasminogen by stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). Biochemistry 37: 4699–4702
Liotta LA, Steeg PS (1990) Clues to the function of Nm23 and Awd proteins in development, signal transduction, and tumor metastasis provided by studies of Dictyostelium discoideum.J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 1170–1172
Liotta LA, Mandler R, Murano G, Katz DA, Gordon RK, Chiang PK, Schiffmann E (1986) Tumor cell autocrine motility factor.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 3302–3306
Look MP, Foekens JA (1999) Clinical relevance of the urokinase plasminogen activator system in breast cancer. APMIS 107: 150–159
LoriesV, Cassiman J-), Van den Berghe H, David G (1992) Differential expression of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans in human mammary epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts.J Biol Chem 267: 1116–1122
Loskutoff DJ, Sawdey M, Mimuro J (1989)Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Prog HemostThromb 9: 87–115
Mackay CR, Terpe H-J, Stauder R, Martson WL, Stark H, Gunthert U (1994) Expression and modulation of CD44 variant iso-forms in humans. J Cell Biol 124: 71–82
Marchetti D, Nicolson GL (1997) Human melanoma cell invasion: selected neurotrophin enhancement of invasion and heparanase activity.) Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2: 99–105
Marchetti D (1997) Specific degradation of subendothelial matrix proteoglycans by brain-metastatic melanoma and brain endothelial cell heparanases.J Cel Physiol 172: 334–342
Marcotte PA, Kozan IM, Dorwin SA, Ryan JM (1992) The matrix metalloproteinase pump-1 catalyzes formation of low molecular weight (pro)urokinase in cultures of normal human kidney cells.) Biol Chem 267: 13803–13806
Mareel M, Kint J, Meyvisch C (1979) Methods of study of the invasion of malignant C3H mouse fibroblasts into embryonic chick heart in vitro. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 30: 95–102
Mareel M, VanRoy FM, Bracke ME (1993) How and when do tumor cells metastasize. Crit Rev Oncogen 4: 559–594
Mareel MM, De Baetselier P, Van Roy FM (1991) Mechanisms of invasion and metastasis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor Boston
Margulies IM, Hoyhtya M, Evans C, Stracke ML, Liotta LA, Stetler Stevenson WG (1992) Urinary type IV collagenase: elevated levels are associated with bladder transitional cell carcinoma.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prey 1: 467–474
Marshall JF, Hart IR (1996) The role of alpha v-integrins in tumor progression and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 7: 129–138
Martinez-Hernandez A, Amenta P (1983) The basement membrane in pathology. Lab Invest 48: 656–677
Mashimo T, Watabe M, Hirota S, Hosobe S, Miura K, Tegtmeyer PJ, Rinker-Shaeffer CW, Watabe K (1998) The expression of the KAI-1 gene, a tumor metastasis suppressor, is directly activated by p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 11307–11311
Massague J (1998) TGF-beta signal transduction. Annu Rev Biochem 67: 753–791
Masucci MT, Pedersen N, Blasi F (1991) A soluble ligand binding mutant of the human urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. J Biol Chem 266: 8655–8658
Matrisian LM (1 992) The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. BioEssays 14:455–462
Mauceri H, Hanna NN, Beckett MA et al. (1998) Combined effects of angiostatin and ionizing radiation in antitumor therapy. Nature 394: 287–291
McCarthy JB, Palm SL, Furcht LT (1983) Migration by haptotaxis of a Schwann cell tumor line to the basement membrane glycoprotein Iaminin.J Cell Biol 97: 772–777
McCarthy JB, Vachhani B, lida J (1996) Cell adhesion to collagenous matrices. Biopolymers 40: 371–381
McDonnell S, Navre M, Coffey RJ Jr, Matrisian LM (1991) Expression and localization of the matrix metalloproteinase pump-1 (MMP-7) in human gastric and colon carcinomas. Mol Carcinog 4: 527–533
Mcnamara DA, Harmey JH, Walsh TN, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes DJ (1998) Significance of angiogenesis in cancer therapy. Br J Surg 85: 1044–1055
Miele ME, Robertson G, Lee JH, Coleman A, McGary CT, Fisher PB, Lugo TG, Welch DR (1 996) Metastasis suppressed, but tumorigenicity and local invasiveness unaffected, in the human melanoma cell line MelJuSo after introduction of human chromosomes 1 or 6. Mol. Carcinog 15: 284–299
Minniti CP, Kohn EC, Grubb JH, Sly WS, Oh Y, Muller HL, Rosenfeld RG, Heiman U (1992) The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II)/mannose 6-phosphate receptor mediates IGF-II-induced motility in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells.) Biol Chem 267: 9000–9004
Moore DM, Kalvakolanu DV, Lippman SM, Kavanagh JJ, Hong WK, Borden EC, Paredes-Espinoza M, Krakoff IH (1994) Retinoic acid and interferon in human cancer: mechanistic and clinical studies. Sem Hematol 31: 31–37
Morikawa K, Walker SM, Nakajima M, Pathak S, Jessup JM, Fidler IJ (1988) Influence of organ environment on the growth, selection and metastasis of human colon carcinoma cells in nude mice. Cancer Res 48: 6863–6871
Moses HL, Yang EY, Pietenpol JA (1990)TGF-beta stimulation and inhibition of cell proliferation: new mechanistic insights. Cell 63: 245–247
Mottonen J, Strand A, Symersky J et al. (1992) Structural basis of latency in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Nature 355: 270–273
Muller D, Wolf C, Abecassis J et al. (1993) Increased stromelysin 3 gene expression is associated with increased local invasiveness in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.Cancer Res 53: 165–169
Murohy G, KnauperV (1997) Relating matrix metalloproteinase structure to function:why the hemopexin domain? Matrix Biol 15: 511–518
Murphy G, Ward R, Gavrilovic J, Atkinson S (1992a) Physiological mecha- nisms for metalloproteinase activation. Matrix [Suppl] 1: 224–230
Murphy G, Willenbrock F, Ward RV, Cockett MI, Eaton D, Docherty Ai (1992b) The C-terminal domain of 72 kDa gelatinase A is not required for catalysis, but is essential for membrane activation and modulates interactions with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Biochem J 283: 637–641
Myeroff LL, Markowitz SD (1993) Increased nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 messenger RNA expression and absence of mutations in colon carcinoms of low and high metastatic potential. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 147–152
Nabeshima K, Kataoka H, Koono M (1986) Enhanced migration of tumor cells in response to collagen degradation products and tumor cell collagenolytic activity. Invasion Metastasis 6: 270–286
Nakajima M, Morikawa K, Fa bra A, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ (1990) Influence of organ environment on extracellular matrix degradative activity and metastasis of human colon carcinoma cells [see comments]. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 1890–1898
Naldini L, Weidner KM, EV, Gaudino G et al. (1991) Scatter factor and hepatocyte growth factor are indistinguishable ligands fo the MET receptor. EMBO J 10: 2867–2878
Natali PG, Nicotra MR, Di Renzo MF, Prat M, Bigotti A, Cavaliere R, Comoglio PM (1993) Expression of the c-Met/HGF receptor in human melanocytic neoplasms: demonstration of the relationship to malignant melanoma tumour progression. Br J Cancer 68: 746–750
Nesbit, CE, Tersak JM, Prochownik EV (1999) MYC oncogenes and human neoplastic disease.Oncogene 18: 3004–3016
Neufeld G, Cohen T, Gengrinovitch S, Poltorak Z (1999) Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) and its receptors. FASEB J 13: 9–22
Nguyen J, Wu P, Clouse ME, Hlatky L, Terwilliger EF (1998) Adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of antiangiogenic factors as an antitumor strategy.Cancer Res 58: 5673–5677
Nguyen M (1997) Angiogenic factors as tumor markers. Invest New Drugs 15: 29–37
Nicolson GL, Nakajima M, Wakabayashi H, Boyd DD, Diaz D, Irimura T (1998) Cancer cell heparanase activity associated with invasion and metastasis.Adv Enzyme Regil 38: 19–32
Nielsen LL, Maneval DC (1998) P53 tumor supppressor gene therapy for cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 5: 52–63
Nomizu M, Yamamura K, Kleinman HK, Yamada Y (1993) Multimeric forms ofTyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg ( YIGSR) peptide enhance the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 53: 3459–3461
Nose A, Tsuji K, Takeichi M (1990) Localization of specificity determining sites in cadherin cell adhesion molecules.Cell 61: 147–155
Ohtani H (1998) Stromal reaction in cancer tissue: pathophysiologic significance of the expression of matrix degrading enzymes in relation to matrix turnover and immune/inflammatory reactions. Pathol Int 48: 1–9
O’Mahony CA, Seidel A, Albo D, Chang H, Tuszynski GP, Berger DH (1998) Angiostatin generation by human pancreatic cancer. J Surg Res 77: 55–58
O’Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Yet al. (1997) EndostatIn: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell 88: 277–285
O’Reilly MS, Holmgren L, Shing Y et al. (1994) AngiostatIn: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma.Cell 79: 315–328
O’Reilly MS (1997) AngiostatIn: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and of tumor growth. EXS 79: 273–294
OrntoftTF, Vestergaard EM (1999) Clinical aspects of altered glycosylation of glycoproteins in cancer. Electrophoresis 20: 362–371
Ossowski L, Quigley JP, Reich E (1975) Proteolytic enzymes In: Reich E, Rifkin DB, Shaw E (eds) Protease in biological control. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, pp 901–913
Otani Y (1990) The collagenase activities, interstitial collagenase and type IV collagenase, in human stomach cancer: with special reference to local spreading and lymph node metastasis. Keio J Med 39: 159–167
Overall CM, Sodek I (1990) Concanavalin A produces a matrix-degradative phenotype in human fibroblasts. Induction and endogenous activation of collagenase, 72-kDa gelatinase, and Pump-1 is accompanied by the suppression of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases.J Biol Chem 265: 21141–21151
Paget S (1889) The distribution of secondary growth in cancer of the breast. Lancet 1: 571–573
Parish CR, Freeman C, Brown KJ, Francis DJ, Cowden WB (1999) Identification of sulfated oligosaccharide-based inhibitors of tumor growth and metastasis using novel in vitro assays for angiogenesis and heparanase activity. Cancer Res 59: 3433–3441
Patterson BC, Sang QA (1997) Angiostatin-converting enzyme activities of human matrisylin (MMP-7) and gelatinase B/type IV collagenase (MMP-9).J Biol Chem 272: 28823–28825
Pawse AR, Tarachand U (1997) Clot lysis: role of plasminogen activator inhibitors in hemostasis and therapy. Indian J Exp Biol 35: 545–552
Pepper MS (1997) Transforming growth factor-beta: vasculogenesis, and vessel wall integrity.Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 8: 21–43
Pintucci G, Bikfalvi A, Klein S, Rifkin DB (1996) Angiogenesis and the fibrinolytic system.Semin Thromb Hemost 22: 517–524
Plow EF, Freaney DE, Plescia J, Miles LA (1986) The plasminogen system and cell surfaces: evidence for plasminogen and urokinase receptors on the same cell type.J Cell Biol 103: 2411–2420
Polette M, Clavel C, Muller D, Abecassis J, Binninger I, Birembaut P (1991) Detection of mRNAs encoding collagenase I and stromelysin 2 in carcinomas of the head and neck by in situ hybridization. Invasion Metastasis 11: 76–83
Postel EH, Weiss VH, Beneken J, Kirtane A (1996) Mutational analysis of NM23–H2/NDP kinase identifies the structural domains critical to recognition o a c-myc regulatory element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 6892–6897
Powell WC, Knox JD, Navre M, Grogan TM, Kittelson J, Nagle RB, Bowden GT (1993) Expression of the metalloproteinase matrilysin in DU-145 cells increases their invasive potential in severe combined immunodeficient mice.Cancer Res 53: 417–422
Price JT, Bonovich MT, Kohn EC (1997) The biochemistry of cancer dissemination.Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 32: 175–253
Puri KD, Chen S, Springer TA (1998) Modifying the mechanical property and shear threshold of L-selectin adhesion independently of equilibrium properties. Nature 392: 930–933
Pyke C, Ralfkiaer E, Huhtala P, Hurskainen T, Dano K, Tryggvaslon K (1992) Localization of messenger RNA of Mr 72, 000 and 92, 000 type IV collage-nases in human skin cancers by in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 52: 1336–1341
Qian F, Vaux DL, Weissman IL (1994) Expression of the integrin a4131 on melanoma cells can inhibit the invasive stage of metastasis formation. Cel 177: 335–347
Rabbani SA, Xing RH (1998) Role of urokinase (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) in invasion and metastasis of hormone-dependent malignancies. Int J Oncol 12: 911–920
Rak J, Mitsuhashi Y, Bayko L, Filmus J, Sasazuki T, Kerbel RS (1995) Mutant ras onkogenes upregulate VEGFNPF expression:implications for induction and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res 55: 4575–4580
Ramchandran R, Dhanabal M, Volk R, Waterman MJ, Segal M, Lu H, Knebelmann B, Sukhatme VP (1999) Antiangiogenic activity of restin, NC10 domain of human collagen XV: comparison to endistatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 255: 735–739
Ramos DM, Chen B, Regezi J, Zardi L, Pytela R (1998) Tenascin-C matrix as- sembly in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 75: 680–687
Resnicoff M (1998) Antitumor effects elicited by antisense-mediated downregulation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Int J Mol Med 1: 883–888
Reuning U, Magdolen V, Wilhelm O, Fischer K, Lutz V, Graeff H, Schmitt M (1998) Multifunctional potential of the plasminogen activation system in tumor invasion and metastasis. Int J Oncol 13: 893–906
Ridyard MS, Sanders EJ (1999) Potential role for focal adhesion kinase in development.Anat Embryo) Berl 199: 1–7
Rifkin DB, Moscatelli D (1989) Recent developments in the cell biology of basic fibroblast growth factor.) Cell Biol 109: 1–6
Rifkin DB, Gleizes PE, Harpel J, Nunes I, Munger J, Mazzieri R, Noguera I (1997) Plasminogen/plasminogen activator and growth factor activation.Ciba Found Symp 212: 105–115
Risau W (1996) What, if anything, is an angiogenic factor? Cancer Met Rev 15:149–151
Rivas MJ, Arii S, Furutani M, Harada T, Mizumoto M, Nishiyama H, Fujita J, Imamura M (1998) Expression of human macrophage metalloelastase gene in hepatocellular carcinoma:correlation with angiostatin generation and its clinical significance. Hepatology 28: 986–993
Romanis M, Heredia A, Molist A, Bassols A (1991) Differential effect of transforming growth factor beta on proteoglycan synthesis in human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1093: 229–233
Rosen SD, Bertozzi CR (1998) The selectins and their ligands.Curr Opin Cell Biol 6: 663–673
Rovensky YA (1998) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor invasion. Biochemistry Mosc 63: 1029–1043
Royce LS, Martin GR, Kleinman HK (1992) Induction of an invasive phenotype in benign tumor cells with a laminin A-chain synthetic peptide. Invasion Metastasis 12: 149–155
Royds JA, Stephenson TJ, Rees RC, Shorthouse A, Silcocks PB (1993) Nm23 protein expression in ductal in situ and invasive human breast carcinoma.) Natl Cancer Inst 85: 727–731
Ruoslahti E (1991) Integrins.J Clin Invest 87: 1–5
Russell PJ, Bennett S, Stricker P (1998) Growth factor involvement in progression of prostate cancer. Clin Chem 44: 705–723
Saksela O, Moscatelli D, Sommer A, Rifkin DB (1988) Endothelial cell-derived heparan sulfate binds basic fibroblast growth factor and protects it from proteolytic degradation.) Cell Biol 107: 743–751
Sato H, Takino T, Okada Y, Cao J, Shinagawa A, Yamamoto E, Seiki M (1994) A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumour cells [see comments]. Nature 370: 61–65
Sato Y, Tsuboi R, Lyons R, Moses H, Rifkin DB (1990) Characterization of the activation of latent TGF-beta by co-cultures of endothelial cells and pericytes or smooth muscle cells: a self-regulating system. J Cell Biol 111: 757–763
Sawada T, Ho JJ, Chung YS, Sowa M, Kim YS (1994) E-selectin binding by pancreatic tumor cells is inhibited by cancer sera. Int J Cancer 57: 901–907
Schadendorf D, Heide J, Gawlik C, Sutter L, Czarnetzki BM (1995) Association with clinical outcome of expression of VLA-4 in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma as well as P- and E-selectin on intratumoral vessels.) Natl Cancer Inst 87: 366–371
Schwaeble W, Kerlin M, Büschenfelde KH, Dippold W (1993) De novo expression of intercellular adhesion mo-lecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54) in pancreas cancer. Int J Cancer 53: 328–333
Screaton GR, Bell MV, Bell JI, Jackson DG (1993) The identification of a new alternative exon with highly restricted tissue expression in transcripts encoding the mouse Pgp-1 (CD44) homing receptor.Comparison of all 10 variable exons between mouse, human, and rat. J Biol Chem 268: 12235
Sedo A, Mandys V, Krepela E (1996) Cell membrane-bound proteases: not „only“ proteolysis. Physiol Res 45: 169–176
Seftor REB, Seftor EA, Gehlsen KR, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Brown PD, Ruoslahti E, Hendrix MJC (1992) Role of the rxv133 integrin in human melanoma cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 1557–1561
Seiffert D, Wagner NN, Loskutoff DJ (1990) Serum-derived vitronectin influences the pericellular distribution of type 1 plasmi-nogen activator inhibitor.) Cell Biol 111: 1283–1291
Seiter BS, Arch R, Reber S (1993) Prevention of tumor metastasis formation by antivariant CD44.) Exp Med 177: 443–455
Senger D, VanDe Water L, Brown L et al. (1993) Vascular permeability factor (VPF, VEGF) in tumor biology. Cancer Metas Rev 12: 303–324
Shima I, Sasaguri Y, Kusukawa J, Yamana H, Fujita H, Kakegawa T, Morimatsu M (1992) Production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-3 related to malignant behavior of esophageal carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study. Cancer 70: 2747–2753
Slavin J (1995) Fibroblast growth factors:At the heart of angiogenesis.Cell Biol Int 19: 431–444
Smith SK (1998) Angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and the endothelium. Hum Reprod Update 4: 509–519
Soddu S, Sacchi A (1998) P53: prospects for cancer gene therapy.Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 4: 177–185
Springer TA (1990) Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 246: 425–434
Stack MS, Gately S, Bafetti LM, Enghild JJ, Soff GA (1999) Angiostatin inhibits endothelial and melanoma cellular invasion by blocking matrix-enhanced plasminogen activation. Biochem J 340: 77–84
Stephens RW, Pollanen J, Tapiovaara H et al. (1989) Activation of pro-urokinase and plasminogen on human sarcoma cells:a proteolytic system with surface-bound reactants.) Cell Biol 108: 1987–1995
Stetler WG, Aznavoorian S, Liotta LA (1993) Tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix during invasion and metastasis. Annu Rev Cell Biol 9: 541–573
Stetler WG, Brown PD, Onisto M, Levy AT, Liotta LA (1990) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) mRNA expression in tumor cell lines and human tumor tissues.) Biol Chem 265: 13933–13938
Stetler-Stevenson WG, Corcoran ML (1997) Tumor angiogenesis: functional similarities with tumor invasion. EXS 79: 413–418
Stracke ML, Drutzsch HC, Unsworth EJ, Arestad A, Cioce V, Schiffmann E, Liotta LA (1992) Identification, purification, and partial sequence analysis ofautotaxin, a novel motility-stimulating protein.) Biol Chem 267: 2524–2549
Strieter RM, Koch AE, Antony VB, Fick RB Jr, Standiford Ti, Kunkel SL (1994) The immunopathology of chemotactic cytokines: the role of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. J Lab Clin Med 123: 183–197
Syrigos KN, Harrington KJ, Pignatelli M (1999) Role of adhesion molecules in bladder cancer: an important part of the jigsaw. Urology 53: 428–434
Takeichi M (1991) Cadherin cell adhesion receptors as a morphogenetic regulator. Science 251: 1451–1455
Taraboletti G, Roberts DD, Liotta LA (1987) Thrombospondin-induced tumor cell migration: haptotaxis and chemotaxis are mediated by different molecular domains.) Cell Biol 105: 2409–2415
Teicher BA, Holden SA, Ara G, Sotomayor EA, Huang ZD, Chen YN, Brem H (1994) Potentiation of cytotoxic cancer therapies by TNP-470 alone and with other anti-angiogenic factors. Int J Cancer 57: 920–925
Templeton NS, Stetler-Stevenson GW (1991) Identification of a basal promoter for the human Mr 72, 000 Type IV collagenase gene and enhanced expression in a highly metastatic cell line. Cancer Res 51: 6190–6193
Thery C, Stern CD (1996) Roles of kringle domain-containing serine pro-teases in epithelial-mesenchymal transition during embryonic development. Acta Anat Basel 156: 162–172
Thornalley Pi (1998) Cell activation by glycated proteins.AGE receptors, receptor recognition factors and functional classification of AGEs. Cell Mol Biol Noisy-le-grand 44: 1013–1023
Timpl R (1993) Proteoglycans of basement membranes. Experientia 49: 417–428
To CT, Tsao MS (1998) The roles of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and met receptor in human cancers.Oncol Rep 5: 1013–1024
Torry DS, Torry RJ (1997) Angiogenesis ad the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in endometrium and placenta. Am J Reprod Immunol 37: 21–29
Trusolino L, Pugliese L, Comoglio PM (1998) Interactions between scatter factors and their recpetors: hints for therapeutic applications. FASEB J 12: 1267–1280
Tuszynski GP, Wang TN, Berger D (1997) Adhesive proteins and the hematogenous spread of cancer. Acta Haematol 97: 29–39
Urbanski SJ, Edwards DR, Maitland A, Leco KJ, Watson A, Kossakowska AE (1992) Expression of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in primary pulmonary carcinomas. Br J Cancer 66: 1188–1194
Van der Stappen JW, Hendriks T, Wobbes T (1990) Correlation between collagenolytic activity and grade of histological differentiation in colorectal tumors. Int J Cancer 45: 1071–1078
Van derVoort R, Taher TE, Welenga VJ et al. (1999) Heparan sulfate-modified CD44 promotes hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-induced signal transduction through the receptor tyrosine kinase c-met. J Biol Chem 274: 6499–6506
Van Larebeke NAF, Bracke ME, Mareel MM (1992) Simple method for quantification of fast plasma membrane movements. Cytometry 13: 1–8
Van Waes C, Kozarsky KF, Warren AB, Kidd L, Paugh D, Liebert M, Carey TE (1991) The A9 antigen associated with aggressive human squamous carcinoma is structurally and functionally similar to the newly defined integrin a6134. Br J Cancer 51: 2395–2402
Varki A (1994) Selectin ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 7390–7397
Vassalli JD, Belin D (1987) Amiloride selectively inhibits the urokinase-type plasminogen activator. FEBS Lett 214: 187–191
Venstrom KA, Reichardt LF (1993) Extracellular matrix.2: Role ofextracellular matrix molecules and their receptors in the nervous system. FASEB J 7: 996–1003
Verschueren H, De Baetselier P, Bereiter-Hahn J (1991) Dynamic morphology of metastatic mouse T-lymphoma cells invading through mono-layers of 10T1/2 cells. Cell Motil Cytoskel 20: 203–214
Vlodaysky I, Bar-Shavit R, Ishai-Michaeli R, Bashkin P, Fuks Z (1991) Extracellular sequestration and release of fibroblast growth factor:A regulatory mechanism? Trends Biochem Sci 16: 268–271
Vlodaysky I, Friedmann Y, Elkin M et al. (1999) Mammalian heparanase: gene cloning, expression and function in tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med 5: 793–802
Vlodaysky I, Miao HQ, Medalion B, Danagher P, Ron D (1996) Involvement of heparan sulfate and related molecules in sequestration and growth promoting activity of fibroblast growth factor. Cancer Metastasis Rev 15: 177–186
Vogelstein B (1999) Genetic testings for cancer: the surgeon’s critical role. Familial colon cancer.J Am Coll Surg 188: 74–79
Watanabe H, Carmi P, Hogan V, Raz T, Silletti S, Nabi IR, Raz A (1991a) Purification of human tumor cell autocrine motility factor and molecular cloning of its receptor. J Biol Chem 266: 13442–13448
Watanabe H, Nabi IR, Raz A (1991b) The relationship between motility factor receptor internalization and the lung colonization capacity of murine melanoma cells. Cancer Res 51: 2699–2705
Weidner N, Folkman J, Pozza F, Bevilaqua P, Allred EN, Moore DH, Meli S, Gasparini G (1992) Tumor angiogenesis: a new significant and independent prognostic indicator in early-stage breast carcinoma.J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 1875–1887
Weinberg RA (1996) How cancer arises. Sci Am 275: 62–70
Werb Z, Ashkenas J, MacAuley A, Wiesen JF (1996) Extracellular matrix remodeling as a regulator of stromal-epithelial interactions during mammary gland development, involution and carcinogenesis. Braz J Med Biol Res 29: 1087–1097
Werb Z, Vu TH, Rinkenberger JL, Coussens LM (1999) Matrix-degrading pro-teases and angiogenesis during development and tumor formation. APMIS 107: 11–18
Westermarck J, Kahari VM (1999) Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in tumor invasion. FASEB J 13: 781–792
Wie J, Shaw LM, Mercurio AM (1997) Integrin signaling in leukocytes: lessons from the alpha6betal integrin.J Leuoc Biol 61: 397–407
Wilhelm SM, Collier IE, Marmer BL, Eisen AZ, Grant GA, Goldberg GI (1989) 5V40-transformed human lung fibroblasts secrete a 92-kDa type IV collagenase which is identical to that secreted by normal human macrophages [published erratum appears in J Biol Chem 1990 Dec 25;265(36):22570].J Biol Chem 264: 17213–17221
Williams RE, Barclay AN (1988)The immunoglobulin superfamily.Annu Rev Immunol 6:381–385
Willis AE (1999)Translational control of growth factor and proto-oncogene expression.lnt J Biochem Cell Biol 31:73–86
Winlaw DS (1997) Angiogenesis in the pathobiology and treatment of vas- cular and malignant diseases. Ann Thorac Surg 64: 1204–1211
Wittig BM, Thees R, Kaulen H, Gott K, Bartnik E, Schmitt C, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Dippold W. Alpha(1, 3)fucosyltransferase expression in E-selectin mediated binding of gastrointestinal tumor cells. Int J Cancer 67: 80–85
Woessner JF. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. From the Jurassic to the third millenium. Ann N Y Acad Sci 878: 388–403
WolfC, Chenard MP, Durand de Grossouvre P, Bellocq JP, Chambon P, Basset P (1992) Breast-cancer-associated strome-lysin-3 gene is expressed in basal cell carcinoma and during cutaneous wound healing. J Invest Dermatol 99: 870–872
Wun TC, Palmier MO, Siegel NR, Smith CE (1989) Affinity purification of active plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) using immobilized anhydrourokinase. Demonstration of the binding, stabilization, and activation of PAI-1 by vitronectin.J Biol Chem 264: 7862–7868
Yabkowitz R, Mansfield PJ, Dixit VM, Suchard SJ (1993) Motility of human carcinoma cells in response to thrombospondIn: relationship to metastatic potential and thrombospondin structural domains.Cancer Res 53: 378–387
Yap AS (1998) The morphogenetic role of cadherin cell adhesion molecules in human cancer:a thematic review. Cancer Invest 16: 252–261
Yu AE, Hewitt RE, Connor EW, Stetler-Stevenson WG (1997) Matrix metalloproteinases. Novel targets for directed cancer therapy. Drugs Aging 11: 229–244
Zachariae COC, Thestrup-Pedersen K, Matsushima K (1991) Expression and secretion of leukocyte chemotactic cytokines by normal human melanocytes and melanoma cells.J Invest Dermatol 97: 593–599
Zetter BR (1998) Angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Annu Rev Med 49: 407–424
Zigmond HS, Hirsch TG (1973) Leucocyte locomotion and chemotaxis. New methods for evaluation and demonstration of a cell-derived chemotactic factor.J Exp Med 137: 387–393
Zöller M (1996a) Joint features of metastasis formation and lymphocyte maturation and activation.CurrTop Microbiol Immunol 213 /1: 215–247
Zöller M (1996b) Physiological functions of CD44 variant isoforms as supporting evidence for metastasis-associated expression. In: Oesch F, Hengstler JG (eds) Control mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 355–381
Zucker S, Lysik RM, Zarrabi MH, Moll U (1993) M(r) 92, 000 type IV collage-nase is increased in plasma of patients with colon cancer and breast cancer. Cancer Res 53: 140–146
Zumkeller W, Schwab M (1999) Insulin-like growth factor system in neuro-blastoma tumorigenesis and apoptosis: potential diagnostic ad therapeutic perspectives. Horm Metab Res 31: 138–141
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zöller, M., Wittig, B. (2004). Zellinvasion und Metastasierung. In: Die Onkologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06670-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06670-6_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-06671-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-06670-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive