Abstract
Experimental and epidemiologic studies constitute two complementary approaches to assess the risk resulting from long term exposure to chemicals. The main outcome of experimental studies is the characterization of the pattern of toxic effects induced by chemicals, the understanding of the relationship between their metabolic handling and interactions with target molecules and the identification of their critical effects and the most relevant markers to assess their biologically active internal doses. Extrapolation of dose-effect(s) relationships from animal to human is highly questionable, hence the practice to apply arbitrary safety (uncertainty) factors to the doses without observed adverse effects in animals.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bernard A, Lauwerys R (1990) Early markers of cadmium nephrotoxicity: biological significance and predictive value. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 27:65–72.
Bernard A, Buchet JP, Roels H, Masson P, Lauwerys R (1979) Renal excretion of proteins and enzymes in workers exposed to cadmium. Eur J Clin Invest 9:11–22.
Buchet JP, Roels H, Bernard A, Lauwerys R (1980) Assessment of renal function of workers exposed to inorganic lead, cadmium or mercury vapour. J Occup Med 22:741–750.
Buchet JP, Lauwerys R, Roels H, Bernard A, Bruaux P, Claeys F, Ducoffre G, De Plaen P, Staessen J, Amery A, Lijnen P, Thijs L, Rondia D, Sartor F, Saint-Remy A, Nick L (1990) Renal effects of cadmium body burden of the general population. Lancet 336:699–702.
Lauwerys R (1991) Occupational Toxicology. In: Klaasen CD, Amdur MA, Doul J (ed.) Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: The basic science of poisons, 4th edn. Macmillan, New York, Chapter 29.
Lauwerys R, Bernard A (1989) Preclinical detection of nephrotoxicity: description of the tests and appraisal of their health significance. Tox Letters 46:13–29.
Lauwerys R, Buchet JP, Roels H, Brouwers J, Stanescu D (1974) Epidemiologic survey of workers exposed to cadmium: effect on lung, kidney and several biological indices. Arch Environ Health 28: 145–148.
Lauwerys R, Buchet JP, Roels H (1976) The relationship between cadmium exposure on body burden and the concentration of cadmium in blood and urine in man. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 36:275–285.
Lauwerys R, Amery A, Bernard A, Bruaux P, Buchet JP, Claeys F, De Plaen P, Ducoffre G, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Nick L, Roels H, Rondia D, Saint-Remy A, Sartor F, Staessen J (1990) Health effects of environmental exposure to cadmium. Objectives, design and organization of the Cadmibel study: a cross-sectional morbidity study carried out in Belgium from 1985 to 1989. Environ Health Perspect 87:283–289.
Roels HA, Lauwerys RR, Buchet JP, Bernard A, Chettle DR, Harvey TC, Al-Haddad IK (1981) In vivo measurement of liver and kidney cadmium in workers exposed to this metal: its significance with respect to cadmium in blood and urine. Environ Res 26:217–240.
Roels H, Lauwerys R, Buchet JP, Genet P, Sarhan MJ, Hanotiau I, de Fays M, Bernard A, Stanescu D (198/) Epidemiological survey among workers exposed to manganese: effects on lung, central nervous system and some biological indices. Am J Ind Med 11:307–327.
Roels HA, Ghyselen P, Buchet JP, Ceulemans E, Lauwerys R (to be published) Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust. Br J Ind Med.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lauwerys, R.R., Bernard, A., Roels, H., Buchet, J.P., Cardenas, A., Gennart, J. (1992). Health Risk Assessment of Long Term Exposure to Chemicals: Application to Cadmium and Manganese. In: Bolt, H.M., de Wolff, F.A., Henderson, P.T. (eds) Medical Toxicology. Archives of Toxicology, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77260-3_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77260-3_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-77262-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77260-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive