Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Virus-Induced T Cell Activation and the Inflammatory Response

  • Chapter
Leukocyte Integrins in the Immune System and Malignant Disease

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 231))

Abstract

Effector T cells constitute a critical component in the immune response to most viral infections (Doherty et al. 1992). Consequently, understanding the mechanisms regulating the generation and function of effector T cells is central to the study of viral pathogenesis. It is characteristic that T cells — as opposed to B cells — are only able to exert their effector function within a very limited distance. Therefore, once effector T cells are generated, they must be able to migrate to relevant sites of infection. This requires a set of surface receptors which direct the migration of effector cells to infected areas. However, not only must fully differentiated effector T cells be able to reach any part of the organism, but, it is also nescessary for naive T cells to continually recirculate in order for the immune system to optimally utilize the limited number of cells with T cell receptors (TCRs) relevant to a given antigen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahmed R, Gray D (1996) Immunological memory and protective immunity: understanding their relation. Science 272: 54–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan JE, Dixon JE, Doherty PC (1987) Nature of the inflammatory process in the central nervous system of mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. In: Oldstone MB (ed) Arenaviruses. Biology and immunotherapy. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 131–143 (Current topics in microbiology and immunology, vol 134 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen IH, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1990) Breakdown of blood-brain barrier in the murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection mediated by virus-specific CD8 + T cells. J Neuroimmunol 31: 155–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson EC, Christensen JP, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1994) Changes in cell adhesion molecule expression on T cells associated with systemic virus infection. J Immunol 152: 1237–1245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson EC, Christensen JP, Scheynius A, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1995) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection is associated with long-standing perturbation of LFA-1 expression on CD8+ T cells. Scand J Immunol 42: 110–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando K, Moriyama T, Guidotti LG, Wirth S, Schreiber RD, Schlicht HJH et al (1993) Mechanisms of class I restricted immunopathology. A transgenic mouse model of fulminant hepatitis. J Exp Med 178: 1541–1554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando K, Guidotti LG, Cerny A, Ishikawa T, Chisari FV (1994a) CTL access to tissue antigen is restricted in vivo. J Immunol 153: 482–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando K, Guidotti LG, Wirth S, Ishikawa T, Missale G, Moriyama T et al (1994b) Class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes are directly cytopathic for their target cells in vivo. J Immunol 152: 3245–3253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arbones ML, Ord DC, Ley K, Ratech H, Maynard-Curry C, Otten G et al (1994) Lymphocyte homing and leukocyte rolling and migration are impaired in L-selectin-deficient mice. Immunity 1: 247–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asherson GL, Allwood GG (1972) Inflammatory lymphoid cells: cells in immunized lymph nodes that move to sites of infection. Immunology 22: 493–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmann MF, Sebzda E, Kundig TM, Shahinian A, Speiser DE, Mak TW et al (1996) T cell responses are governed by avidity and co-stimulatory thresholds. Eur J Immunol 26: 2017–2022

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beverley PC (1990) Is T cell memory maintained by cross reactive stimulation? Immunol Today 11: 203–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley LM, Duncan DD, Tonkonogy S, Swain SL (1991) Characterization of antigen-specific CD4 + effector T cells in vivo: immunization results in a transient population of MEL-14-, CD45RB- helper cells that secretes interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-3, IL-4 and interferon-gamma. J Exp Med 174: 547–559

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley LM, Watson SR, Swain SL (1994) Entry of naive CD4 T cells into peripheral lymph nodes requires L-selectin. J Exp Med 180: 2401–2406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brod SA, Purvee M, Benjamin D, Hafler DA (1990) T-T cell interactions are mediated by adhesion molecules. Eur J Immunol 20: 2259–2268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullard DC, Sandberg ET, Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Beaudet AL (1995) Gene targeting for inflammatory cell adhesion molecules. Agents Actions [Suppl] 47: 143–154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher EC (1991) Leukocyte-edothelial cell recognition: three (or more) steps to specificity and diversity. Cell 67: 1033–1036

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher EC, Picker LJ (1996) Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272: 60–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camp RL, Scheynius A, Johansson C, Pure E (1993) CD44 is necessary for optimal contact allergic responses but is not required for normal leukocyte extravasation. J Exp Med 178: 497–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell IL, Hobbs MV, Kemper P, Oldstone MB (1994) Cerebral expression of multiple cytokine genes in mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Immunol 152: 716–723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carp RI, Davidson AL, Merz PA (1971) A method for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from mice. Res Vet Sci 12: 499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr MW, Roth SJ, Luther E, Rose SS, Springer TA (1994) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 acts as a T-lymphocyte chemoattractant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 3652–3656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceredig R, Allan JE, Tabi Z, Lynch F, Doherty PC (1987) Phenotypic analysis of the inflammatory exudate in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Exp Med 165: 1539–1551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen JP, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1994) The role of CD4+ T cells in cell-mediated immunity to LCMV. Studies in MHC class I and MHC class II deficient mice. Scand J Immunol 40: 373–382

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen JP, Andersson EC, Scheynius A, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1995) Alpha-4 integrin directs virus-activated CD8+ T cells to sites of infection. J Immunol 154: 5293–5301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen JP, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1996a) T cell-mediated immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in ß2-integrin (CD18)- and ICAM-1 (CD54)-deficient mice. J Virol 70: 8997–9002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen JP, Röpke C, Thomsen AR (1996b) Virus-induced polyclonal T cell activation is followed by apoptosis: partitioning of CD8+ T cells based on a4 integrin expression. Int Immunol 8: 707 — 715

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen JP, Stenvang JP, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1996c) Characterization of virus-primed CD8+ T cells with a type 1 cytokine profile. Int Immunol 8: 1453–1461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colle JH, Saron MF, Shidani B, Lembezat MP, Truffa-Bachi P (1993) High frequency of T lymphocytes committed to interferon-gamma transcription upon polyclonal activation in spleen from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice. Int Immunol 5: 435–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousens LP, Orange JS, Biron CA (1995) Endogenous IL-2 contributes to T cell expansion and IFN-y production during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Immunol 155: 5690–5699

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty PC (1973) Quantitative studies of the inflammatory process in fatal viral meningoencephalitis. Am J Pathol 73: 607–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty PC, Zinkernagel RM (1974) T cell-mediated immunopathology in viral infections. Transplant Rev 19: 89–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty PC, Allan JE, Ceredig R (1988) Contribution of host and donor T cells to the inflammatory process in murine lymphocytic choriomengitis. Cell Immunol 116: 475 — 481

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty PC, Allan JE, Lynch F, Ceredig R (1990) Dissection of an inflammatory process induced by CD8+ T cells. Immunol Today 11: 55–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty PC, Allan W, Eichelberger M, Carding SR (1992) Roles of alpha beta and gamma delta T cell subsets in viral immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 10: 123–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty PC, Hou S, Southern PJ (1993) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus induces a chronic wasting disease in mice lacking class I major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins. J Neuroimmunol 46: 11–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty PC, Hou S, Tripp RA (1994) CD8+ T cell memory to viruses. Curr Open Immunol 6: 545–552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frei K, Leist TP, Meager A, Gallo P, Leppert D, Zinkernagel RM, et al (1988) Production of B cell stimulatory factor-2 and interferon gamma in the central nervous system during viral meningitis and encephalitis. Evaluation in a murine model infection and in patients. J Exp Med 168: 449–453

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou S, Doherty PC (1993) Partitioning of responder CD8+ T cells in lymph node and lung of mice with Sendai virus pneumonia by LECAM-1 and CD45RB phenotype. J Immunol 150: 5494–5500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurwitz JL, Korngold R, Doherty PC (1983) Specific and nonspecific T cell recruitment in viral meningitis: possible implications for autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 76: 397–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irani DN, Griffin DE (1996) Regulation of lymphocyte homing into the brain during viral encephalitis at various stages of infection. J Immunol 156: 3850–3857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Issekutz TB (1990) Effects of six different cytokines on lymphocyte adherence to microvascular endothelium and in vivo lymphocyte migration in the rat. J Immunol 144: 2140–2146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Issekutz TB (1991) Effect of antigen challenge on lymph node lymphocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cells and the role of VLA-4 in the rat. Cell Immunol 138: 300–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Issekutz TB (1992) Lymphocyte homing to sites of inflammation. Curr Open Immunol 4: 287–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung TM, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Dailey MO (1988) Down-regulation of homing receptors after T cell activation. J Immunol 141: 4110–4117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagi D, Ledermann B, Burki K, Sciler P, Odermatt B, Olsen KJ et al (1994) Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice. Nature 369: 31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasaian MT, Biron CA (1989) The activation of IL-2 transcription in L3T4+ and Lyt-2 + lymphocytes during virus infection in vivo. J Immunol 142: 1287–1292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasaian MT, Leite-Morris KA, Biron CA (1991) The role of CD4+ cells in sustaining lymphocyte proliferation during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Immunol 146: 1955–1963

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer MD, Fruth U, Simon H, Simon MM (1989) Expression of cytoplasmic granules with T cell associated serine proteinase-1 activity in Ly-2+ (CD8 +) T lymphocytes responding to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in vivo. Eur J Immunol 19: 151–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kündig TM, Althage A, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM (1992) Skin test to assess virus-specific cytotoxic T cell activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 7757–7761

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kündig TM, Bachmann MF, DiPaolo C, Simard JJ, Battegay M, Lother H et al (1995) Fibroblasts as efficient antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid organs. Science 268: 1343–1347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lau LL, Jamieson BD, Somasundaram T, Ahmed R (1994) Cytotoxic T cell memory without antigen. Nature 369: 648–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MS, von Herrath M, Reiser H, Oldstone MB, Sarvetnick N (1995) Sensitization to self (virus) antigen by in situ expression of murine interferon-gamma. J Clin Invest 95: 486–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann-Grube F, Lohler J, Utermohlen O, Gegin C (1993) Antiviral immune responses of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infected mice lacking CD8 + T lymphocytes because of disruption of the beta 2-microglobulin gene. J Virol 67: 332–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leist T, Cobbold SP, Waldmann H, Aguet M, Zinkernagel RM (1987) Functional analysis of T lymphocyte subset in antiviral host defence. J Immunol 138: 2278–2281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leist TP, Frei K, Kam-Hansen S, Zinkernagel RM, Fontana A (1988) Tumor necrosis factor alpha in cerebrospinal fluid during bacterial, but not viral, meningitis. Evaluation in murine model infections and in patients. J Exp Med 167: 1743–1748

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leist TP, Eppler M, Zinkernagel RM (1989) Enhanced virus replication and inhibition of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus disease in anti-gamma interferon-treated mice. J Virol 63: 2813–2819

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liblau RS, Singer SM, McDevitt HO (1995) Thl and Th2 CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of organ- specific autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 16: 34–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loetscher P, Scitz M, Baggiolini M, Moser B (1996) Interleukin-2 regulates CC ehemokine receptor expression and chemotactic responsiveness in T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 184: 569 - 577

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubaroff DM, Waksman BH (1968) Bone marrow as a source of cells in reactions of cellular hypersensitivity. II. Identification of allogeneic cells or hybrid cells by immunofluorescence in passively transferred tuberculin reactions. J Exp Med 128: 1437–1447

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch F, Doherty PC, Ceredig R (1989) Phenotypic and functional analysis of the cellular response in regional lymphoid tissue during an acute virus infection. J Immunol 142: 3592–3598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay CR (1991) T cell memory: the connection between function, phenotype and migration pathways. Immunol Today 12: 189–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay CR (1996) Chemokine receptors and T cell Chemotaxis. J Exp Med 184: 799–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay CR, Marston W, Dudler L (1992) Altered patterns of T cell migration through lymph nodes and skin following antigen challenge. Eur J Immunol 22: 2205–2210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marker O, Volkert M (1973) Studies on cell-mediated immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice. J Exp Med 137: 1511–1525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marker O, Nielsen MH, Diemer NH (1984) The permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mice suffering from fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 63: 229–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marker O, Scheynius A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR (1995) Virus-activated T cells regulate expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in sites of infection. J Neuroimmunol 62: 35–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger P (1994) Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 991–1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCluskey RT, Werdelin O (1971) The origin and nature of the mononuclear cells participating in immunologically induced inflammatory reactions. In: Cudkowicz CS, McCluskey G (eds) Cellular interactions in the immune response. Karger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarland HI, Nahiii SR, Maciaszek JW, Welsh RM (1992) CDllb (Mac-1): a marker for CD8 + cytotoxic T cell activation and memory in virus infection. J Immunol 149: 1326–1333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mclntyre KW, Welsh RM (1986) Accumulation of natural killer and cytotoxic T large granular lymphocytes in the liver during virus infection. J Exp Med 164: 1667–1681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mobley JL, Dailey MO (1992) Regulation of adhesion molecule expression by CD8+ T cells in vivo: differential regulation of gp90Mcl 14 (LECAM-l), Pgp-1, LFA-1, and VLA-4ot during the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by allografts. J Immunol 148: 2348–2356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mobley JL, Rigby SM, Dailey MO (1994) Regulation of adhesion molecule expression by CD8 T cells in vivo. II. Expression of L-selectin (CD62L) by memory cytolytic T cells responding to minor histocompatibility antigens. J Immunol 153: 5443–5452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moskophidis D, Cobbold SP, Waldmann H, Lehmann-Grube F (1987) Mechanism of recovery from acute virus infection: treatment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice with monoclonal antibodies reveals that Lyt-2 + T lymphocytes mediate clearance of virus and regulate the antibody response. J Virol 61: 1867–1874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moskophidis D, Fang L, Grossmann J, Drjupin R, Lohler J, Bruns M et al (1990) Virus-specific delayed- type hypersensitivity (DTH): cells mediating lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific DTH reaction in mice. J Immunol 144: 1926–1934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahill SR, Welsh RM (1993) High frequency of cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited during the virus-induced polyclonal cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. J Exp Med 177: 317–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen HV, Christensen JP, Andersson EC, Marker O, Thomsen AR (1994) Expression of type 3 complement receptor on activated CD8 + T cells facilitates homing to inflammatory sites. J Immunol 153: 2021–2028

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • North RJ, Spitalny G (1974) Inflammatory lymphocytes in cell-mediated antibacterial immunity: factors governing the accumulation of mediator T cells in peritoneal exudates. Infect Immun 10: 489–498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oin S, LaRosa G, Campbell JJ, Smith-Heath H, Kassam N, Shi X et al (1996) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 receptors on subsets of T cells: correlation with trans- endothelial chemotactic potential. Eur J Immunol 26: 640–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfau CJ, Thomsen AR (1993) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. History of the gold standard for viral immunobiology. In: Salvato MS (ed) The arenaviridae. Plenum, New York, pp 191–198

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pouteil-Noble C, Ecochard R, Landrivon G, Donia-Maged A, Tardy JC, Bosshard S et al (1993) Cytomegalovirus infection - an etiological factor for rejection? A prospective study in 242 renal transplant patients. Transplantation 55: 851–857

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL, Sorensen O, Bleackley RC, Power RF (1995) IFN-gamma gene expression in pancreatic islet-infiltrating mononuclear cells correlates with autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Immunol 154: 4874–4882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razvi ES, Jiang Z, Woda BA, Welsh RM (1995a) Lymphocyte apoptosis during the silencing of the immune response to acute viral infections in normal, lpr, and Bcl-2-transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 147: 79–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razvi ES, Welsh RM, McFarland HI (1995b) In vivo state of antiviral CTL precursors. Characterization of a cycling cell population containing CTL precursors in immune mice. J Immunol 154: 620–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen H, Milon G, Gordon S (1989) Antibody to the murine type 3 complement receptor inhibits T lymphocute-dependent recruitment of myelomonocytic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 169: 535–548

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth MD (1994) Interleukin 2 induces the expression of CD45RO and the memory phenotype by CD45RA+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Exp Med 179: 857–864

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth SJ, Carr MW, Springer TA (1995) C-C chemokines, but not the C-X-C chemokines interleukin-8 and interferon-gamma inducible protein-10, stimulate transendothelial chemotaxis of T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 25: 3482–3488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selin LK, Nahill SR, Welsh RM (1994) Cross-reactivities in memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of heterologous viruses. J Exp Med 179: 1933–1943

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe AH (1995) Analysis of lymphocyte costimulation in vivo using transgenic and “knockout” mice. Curr Open Immunol 7: 389–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu Y, Newman W, Tanaka Y, Shaw S (1992) Lymphocyte interaction with endothelial cells. Immunol Today 13: 106–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley WA, Bamford CR, Clark K (1985) Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1: 1313–1315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sligh JE, Ballantyne CM, Rich SS, Hawkins HK, Smith CW, Bradley A et al (1993) Inflammatory and immune responses are impaired in mice deficient in intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 8529–8533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soilu-Hanninen M, Roytta M, Salmi A, Salonen R (1996) Therapy with antibody against leukocyte integrin VLA-4 is effective and safe in virus facilitated EAE (abstract). Scand J Immunol 43: 727

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer TA (1990) Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 346: 425–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Springer TA (1994) Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 76: 301–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabi Z, Lynch F, Ceredig R, Allan JE, Doherty PC (1987) Virus-specific memory T cells are Pgp-1 + and can be selectively activated with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. Cell Immunol 113: 268–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen AR, Marker O (1989) MHC and non-MHC genes regulate elimination of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte and delayed-type hypersensitivity mediating T lymphocyte activity in parallel. J Immunol 142: 1333–1343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tough DF, Borrow P, Sprent J (1996) Induction of bystander T cell proliferation by viruses and type I interferon in vivo. Science 272: 1947–1950

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripp RA, Hou S, Doherty PC (1995) Temporal loss of the activated L-selectin-low phenotype for virus-specific CD8+ memory T cells. J Immunol 154: 5870–5875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volkert M, Lundstedt C (1968) The provocation of latent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections in mice by treatment with antilymphocytic serum. J Exp Med 127: 327–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volkman A, Collins FM (1971) The resorative effect of peritoneal macrophages on delayed hypersensitivity following ionizing radiation. Cell Immunol 2: 552–566

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Herrath MG, Oldstone MBA (1997) Interferon-gamma is essential for destruction of p cells and development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Exp Med 185: 531–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vyth-Dreese FA, Dellemijn TAM, Frijhoff A, van Kooyk Y, Frigor CG (1993) Role of LFA-l/ICAM-1 in interleukin-2-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. Eur J Immunol 23: 3292–3299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RW, Ballantyne CM, Smith CW, Montgomery C, Bradley A, O’Brien WE et al (1993) Gene targeting yields a CD18-mutant mouse for study of inflammation. J Immunol 151: 1571–1578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Grewal IS, Geba GP, Flavell RA (1996) Impaired primary T cell responses in L-selectin-deficient mice. J Exp Med 183: 589–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Dundon PL, Nahill SR, Welsh RM (1989) Virus-induced polyclonal cytotoxic T lymphocyte stimulation. J Immunol 142: 1710–1718

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman C, Brduscha-Riem K, Blaser C, Zinkernagel RM, Pircher H (1996) Visualization, characterization, and turnover of CD8+ memory T cells in virus-infected hosts. J Exp Med 183: 1367–1375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkernagel RM, Doherty PC (1973) Cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Exp Med 138: 1266–1269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkernagel RM, Haenseler E, Leist T, Cerny A, Hengartner H, Althage A (1986) T cell-mediated hepatitis in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Liver cell destruction by H-2 class I-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T cells as a physiological correlate of the 51Cr-release assay? J Exp Med 164: 1075–1092

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, 3C Blegdamsvej, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark

    A. R. Thomsen, A. Nansen & J. P. Christensen

Authors
  1. A. R. Thomsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Nansen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. P. Christensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 9, D-81675, Munich, Germany

    Bernhard Holzmann M.D.  & Hermann Wagner M.D., Ph.D.  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thomsen, A.R., Nansen, A., Christensen, J.P. (1998). Virus-Induced T Cell Activation and the Inflammatory Response. In: Holzmann, B., Wagner, H. (eds) Leukocyte Integrins in the Immune System and Malignant Disease. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 231. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71987-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71987-5_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-71989-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-71987-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation