Abstract
The fascinating diversity of vertebrate ocular structure was first captured in a single work by Soemmering in 1818. Over a century and a half after their publication, Soemmering’s engravings (Fig. 1) still raise a host of intriguing questions regarding how the vertebrate eye works as an optical system. Equally intriguing are the questions which are raised about the functions of the variety of eye shapes and sizes and the subsequent elucidation of general principles which may account for the diversity of eye structures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Blest AD, Land MF (1977) The physiological optics of Dinopis subrufus. Koch L: A fishlens in a spider. Proc R Soc Lond B 196: 197–222
Block MT (1969) A note on the refraction and image formation of the rat’s eye. Vision Res 9: 705–711
Blough DS (1955) Method for tracing dark adaptation in the pigeon. Science 121: 703–704
Blough PM (1971) The visual acuity of the pigeon for distant targets. J Exp Anal Behav 15: 57–68
Bobier CW, Sivak JG (1978) Chromoretinoscopy. Vision Res 18: 247–250
Bonnet R (1964) La topographie cornéenne. Desroches, Paris
Bowmaker JK (1977) The visual pigments, oil droplets and spectral sensitivity of the pigeon. Vision Res 17: 1129–1138
Bowmaker JK, Dartnall HJA (1980) Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina. J Physiol (Lond) 298: 501–511
Bowmaker JK, Martin GR (1978) Visual pigments and colour vision in a nocturnal bird, Strix aluco (tawny owl). Vision Res 18: 1125–1130
Brown EB (1965) Modern optics. Reinhold, New York
Campbell FW (1957) The depth of field of the human eye. Opt Acta 4: 157–164
Campbell MCW, Hughes A (1981) An analytic, gradient index schematic lens and eye for the rat which predicts aberrations for finite pupils. Vision Res 21: 1129–1148
Charman WN, Jennings JAM (1976) Objective measurements of the longitudinal chromatic aberration of the human eye. Vision Res 16: 999–1005
Charman WN, Tucker J (1973) The optical system of the goldfish eye. Vision Res 13: 1–8
Citron MC, Pinto LH (1973) Retinal image larger and more luminous for a nocturnal than for a diurnal lizard. Vision Res 13: 873–876
Davson H (1962) Visual optics and the optical space sense. In: The eye, vol 4. Academic, New York
Duke-Elder S (1958) The eye in evolution. System of ophthalmology, vol 1. Henry Kimpton, London
DuPont J, De Groot PJ (1976) A schematic dioptric apparatus for the frog’s eye. Vision Res 16: 803–810
Emsley HH (1948) Visual optics, 4th edn. Hatton, London
Federer CA, Tanner CB (1966) Spectral distribution of light in the forest. Ecology 47: 555–560
Fincham WHA, Freeman MH (1980) Optics, 9th edn. Butterworths, London
Fite KV (1973) Anatomical and behavioural correlates of visual acuity in the great horned owl. Vision Res 13: 219–230
Fletcher A, Murphy T, Young A (1954) Solutions of two optical problems. Proc R Soc Lond A 223: 216–225
Gauss JKF (1841) Dioptrische Untersuchungen. Göttingen
Glickstein M, Millodot M (1970) Retinoscopy and eye size. Science 168: 605–606
Granda AM, Dvorak CA (1977) Vision in turtles. In: Crescitelli F (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, vol VII/5. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Gullstrand A (1909) Appendix. In: Von Helmholtz H Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 3rd edn.
Gunter R (1951) The absolute threshold for vision in the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 119: 8–15
Harkness L, Bennet-Clark HC (1978) The deep fovea as a focus indicator. Nature 272: 814–816
Hermann G (1958) Beitrage auf Physiologie des Rattenauges. Z Tierpsychol 15: 463–517
Hirschberg J (1882) Zur Dioptrik und Ophthalmoskopie der Fisch– und Amphibienaugen. Arch Anat Physiol 6: 493–526
Hodos W, Leibowitz RW (1977) Near-field visual acuity of pigeons: effects of scotopic adaptation and wavelength. Vision Res 17: 463–467
Hodos W, Leibowitz RW, Bonbight JC (1976) Near-field acuity of pigeons: effects of head position and stimulus. J Exp Anal Behav 25: 129–141
Howcroft MJ, Parker J A (1977) Aspheric curvature for the human lens. Vision Res 17: 1217–1223
Hughes A (1972) A schematic eye for the rabbit. Vision Res 12: 123–138
Hughes A (1977a) The topography of vision in mammals of contrasting life style: Comparative optics and retinal organisation. In: Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 7/5, Crescitelli F (ed). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Hughes A (1977b) The refractive state of the rat eye. Vision Res 17: 927–939
Hughes A (1979a) A schematic eye for the rat. Vision Res 19: 569–588
Hughes A (1979b) A useful table of reduced schematic eyes for vertebrates which includes computed longitudinal chromatic aberrations. Vision Res 19: 1273–1275
Hughes A (1979c) The artefact of retinoscopy in the rat and rabbit eye has its origin at the retina/vitreous interface rather than in longitudinal chromatic aberration. Vision Res 19: 1293–1294
Jansson F (1963) Measurements of intraocular distances by ultrasound. Acta Ophthalmol [Suppl] (Copenh) 74
Kirschfeld K (1974) The absolute sensitivity of lens and compound eyes. Z Naturforsch 29c: 592–596
Kreithen ML, Keeton WT (1974) Detection of polarized light by the homing pigeon Columba livia. J Comp Physiol 89: 83–92
Land MF (1981) Optics and vision in invertebrates. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, vol VII/6B, Autrum H (ed). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Lashley KS (1930) The mechanism of vision III. The comparative visual acuity of pigmented and albino rats. J Gen Physiol 37: 481–484
Longhurst RS (1973) Geometrical and physical optics. Longman, London
Lopping B, Weale RA (1965) Changes in corneal curvature following ocular convergence. Vision Res 5: 207–215
Lotmar W (1971) Theoretical eye model with aspherics. J Opt Soc Am 61: 1522–1529
Lotmar W, Lotmar T (1974) Peripheral astigmatism in the human eye. Experimental data and theoretical model predictions. J Opt Soc Am 64: 510–513
Ludvigh E (1947) Visibility of the deer fly in flight. Science 105: 176–177
Ludvigh E (1948) The visibility of moving objects. Science 108: 63–64
Lythgoe JN (1979) The ecology of vision. Clarendon, Oxford
Marshall J, Mellerio J, Palmer DA (1973) A schematic eye for the pigeon. Vision Res 13: 2449–2453
Massof RW, Chang FW (1972) A revision of the rat schematic eye. Vision Res 12: 793–796
Martin GR (1977) Absolute visual threshold and scotopic spectral sensitivity in the tawny owl, Strixaluco. Nature 268: 636–638
Martin GR (1982) An owl’s eye: schematic optics and visual performance in Strix aluco L. J Comp Physiol 145: 341–349
Martin GR, Gordon IE (1974) Visual acuity in the tawny owl (Strix aluco). Vision Res 14: 1393–1397
Matthiessen L (1880) Untersuchungen über den Aplanatismus und die Periscopie der Kristallinsen in den Augen der Fische. Pfluegers Arch 21: 287–307
Matthiessen L (1886) Ueber den physikalisch-optischen Bau des Auges der Cetaceen und der Fische. Pfluegers Arch 38: 521–528
Meyer DB (1977) The avian eye and its adaptations. In: Crescitelli F (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, vol VII/5. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Miller WH (1979) Ocular optical filtering. In: Autrum H (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, vol VII/6A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Millodot M (1972) Reflection from the fundus of the eye and its relevance to retinoscopy. Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi 27: 31–50
Millodot M, Sivak J (1978) Hypermetropia of small animals and chromatic aberration. Vision Res 18: 125–126
Muntz WRA (1974) Comparative aspects in behavioural studies of vertebrate vision. In: Davson H (ed) The eye, vol 6. Academic, New York
Nakao S, Fujimoto S, Nagata R, Iwata K (1968) Model of refractive index distribution in the rabbit crystalline lens. J Opt Soc Am 58: 1125–1130
Nakao S, Mine K, Nishioka K, Kamiya S (1969) The distribution of refractive indices in the human crystalline lens. Jpn J Ophthalmol 23: 41–44
Nakao S, Mine K, Nishioka K, Kamiya S (1970) A new schematic eye and its clinical application. Abstract of the 21st international congress of Ophthalmology, Mexico
Natural illumination charts (1952) US Navy research and development project NS 714–100 Report No. 374–1 (September)
Nuboer JFW, van Genderen-Takken H (1978) The artifact of retinoscopy. Vision Res 18: 1091–1096
Philipson B (1969) Distribution of protein within the normal rat lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 8: 258–269
Pirenne MH, Marriott FHC, O’Doherty EF (1957) Individual differences in night vision efficiency. Med Res Counc (GB) Spec Rep Ser 294
Pomerantzeff O, Fish H, Govignon J, Schepens CL (1971) Wide-angle model of the human eye. Ann Ophthalmol 3: 815–819
Pumphrey RJ (1948) The theory of the fovea. J Exp Biol 25: 299–310
Pumphrey RJ (1961) Concerning vision. In: Ramsay JA, Wigglesworth VB (eds) The cell and the organism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Rivamonte A (1977) The under-corrected lens of the frog eye (Rana esculenta) could yield comparable aerial and underwater vision. Vision Res 17: 1237–1238
Rochon-Duvigneaud A (1943) Les yeux et la vision des vertébrés. Masson, Paris
Rushton RH (1938) The clinical measurement of the axial length of the living eye. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 58: 136
Shlaer S (1937) The relation between visual acuity and illumination. J Gen Physiol 21: 165–188
Sivak JG (1976a) Optics of the eye of the ‘four-eyed fish’ Anableps anableps. Vision Res 16: 531–534
Sivak JG (1976b) The accommodative significance of the “ramp” retina of the eye of the sting-ray. Vision Res 16: 945–950
Sivak JG (1976c) The role of the flat cornea in the amphibious behaviour of the blackfoot penguin. Can J Zool 54: 1341–1345
Sivak JG (1977) The role of the spectacle in the visual optics of the snake eye. Vision Res 17: 293–298
Sivak JG (1978) A survey of vertebrate strategies for vision in air and water. In: Ali MA (ed) Sensory ecology. Plenum, New York
Sivak JG, Allen DB (1975) An evaluation of the “ramp” retina of the horse eye. Vision Res 15: 1353–1356
Sivak JG, Millodot M (1977) Optical performance of the penguin eye in air and water. J Comp Physiol 119: 241–247
Sivak JG, Bobier WR, Levy B (1978) The refractive significance of the nictitating membrane of the bird eye. J Comp Physiol 125: 335–339
Snyder AW (1979) Physics of vision in compound eyes. In: Autrum H (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, vol VII/6A. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Snyder AW, Miller WH (1978) Telephoto lens system of falconiform eyes. Nature 275: 127–129
Snyder AW, Laughlin SB, Stavenga DG (1977) Information capacity of eyes. Vision Res 17: 1163–1175
Soemmering ST (1818) De oculorum hominis animaliumque sectione horizontali commentatio. Vanderhoeck and Ruprecht, Goettingen
Sorsby A, Benjamin B, Davey JB, Sheridan M, Tanner JM (1957) Emmetropia and its aberrations. Med Res Counc (GB) Spec Rep Ser 293
Sorsby A, Benjamin B, Sheridan M (1961) Refraction and its components during the growth of the eye from the age of three. Med Res Counc (GB) Spec Rep Ser 301
Southern HN (1970) The natural control of a population of tawny owls (Strix aluco). J Zool 162: 197–285
Srinivasan MV, Bernard GD (1975) The effect of motion on visual acuity of the compound eye: a theoretical analysis. Vision Res 15: 515–525
Suthers RA, Wallis NE (1970) Optics of the eyes of echo-locating bats. Vision Res 10: 1165–1173
Tansley K (1965) Vision in vertebrates. Chapman Hall, London
Taylor AH, Kerr GP (1941) Distribution of energy in daylight. J Opt Soc Am 31: 3–8
Tscherning M (1898) Optique physiologique. Paris. English translation by Weiland C (1920) Physiological optics. Keystone, Philadelphia
Vakkur GJ, Bishop PO (1963) The schematic eye in the cat. Vision Res 3: 357–381
von Helmholtz H (1909) Handbuch der physiologischen Optik, 3rd edn. Optical Society of America
Wallman J, Turkel J, Trachtman J (1978) Extreme myopia produced by modest change in early visual experience. Science 201: 1249–1251
Walls GL (1942) The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Michigan
Weekers R, Delmarcelle Y, Luyckx J (1975) Biometrics of the crystalline lens. In: Bellows JG (ed) Cataract and abnormalities of the lens. Grune and Stratton, New York
Westheimer G (1970) Image quality in the human eye. Opt Acta 17: 641–658
Westheimer G (1972) Optical properties of vertebrate eyes. In: Fuortes MGF (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, vol VII/2. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Young T (1801) On the mechanism of the eye. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 92: 23–88
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Martin, G.R. (1983). Schematic Eye Models in Vertebrates. In: Ottoson, D., Autrum, H., Perl, E.R., Schmidt, R.F., Shimazu, H., Willis, W.D. (eds) Progress in Sensory Physiology. Progress in Sensory Physiology, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69163-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69163-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69165-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69163-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive