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Modelling and Control of Wind Parks

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Handbook of Wind Power Systems

Part of the book series: Energy Systems ((ENERGY))

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Abstract

Wind parks have experienced a great increase over the last years, from small wind parks with a few wind turbines connected to utility distribution systems, to large wind parks connected to transmission networks that may be considered, from the network system operators point of view, as a single wind power plant with operational capabilities similar to a conventional power plant. In this chapter, three main aspects concern to wind park grid integration are considered: the necessity of suitable wind park models for transient stability studies; the wind park control to fulfill system requirements and the application of special devices to enhance grid integration capabilities.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cadiz, EPS Algeciras, Avda. Ramon Puyol s/n, 11202, Algeciras (Cádiz), Spain

    Carlos A. García & Luis M. Fernández

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaen, EPS Linares, Alfonso X, 23700, Linares (Jaén), Spain

    Francisco Jurado

Authors
  1. Carlos A. García
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  2. Luis M. Fernández
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  3. Francisco Jurado
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos A. García .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Panos M. Pardalos

  2. Division of Economics and Business Engineering Hall, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA

    Steffen Rebennack

  3. Centro Empresarial Rio Praia de Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Mario V. F. Pereira

  4. EnerCoRD - Energy Consulting, Research & Development, Athens, Greece

    Niko A. Iliadis

  5. Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Vijay Pappu

Appendix: Wind Park Models Parameters

Appendix: Wind Park Models Parameters

  1. (a)

    350 kW fixed speed wind turbine

Rated power: 350 kW, rated voltage: 660 V, R = 15.2 m, Hr = 5 p.u., gear box ratio: 1:44.5, Kmec = 100 p.u., Dmec = 10 p.u., Hg = 0.5 p.u., Rs = 0.006 p.u., \( {\text{R}}_{\text{r}}^{\prime } = 0.006 \) p.u., Xσs = 0.007 p.u., \( {\text{X}}_{{{\sigma r}}}^\prime = 0.19 \) p.u., Xm = 2.78 p.u., Xc = 2.5 p.u (Fig. 43).

Fig. 43
figure 43

Power curve of a 350 kW fixed speed wind turbine

Full size image
  1. (b)

    500 kW fixed speed wind turbine

Rated power: 500 kW, rated voltage: 660 V, R = 28 m, Hr = 5 p.u., gear box ratio: 1:89, Kmec = 200 p.u., Dmec = 15 p.u., Hg = 1 p.u., Rs = 0.01 p.u., \( R_{r}^\prime = 0.01 \) p.u., Xσs = 0.01 p.u., \( {\text{X}}_{{\sigma {\text{r}}}}^\prime = 0.08 \) p.u., Xm = 3 p.u., Xc = 2.3 p.u (Fig. 44).

Fig. 44
figure 44

Power curve of a 500 kW fixed speed wind turbine

Full size image
  1. (c)

    660 kW DFIG wind turbine

Rated power: 660 kW, rated voltage: 660 V, R = 23.5 m, Hr = 0.5 p.u., gear box ratio: 1:52.5, Kmec = 90 p.u., Dmec = 15 p.u., Hg = 3 p.u., Rs = 0.01 p.u., \( R_{r}^\prime = 0.01 \) p.u., Xσs = 0.04 p.u., \( {\text{X}}_{{\sigma {\text{r}}}} \prime = 0.05 \) p.u., Xm = 2.9 p.u (Fig. 45).

Fig. 45
figure 45

Power curve of a 660 kW DFIG wind turbine

Full size image
  1. (d)

    1.5 MW DFIG wind turbine

Rated power: 1.5 MW, rated voltage: 600 V, R = 41 m, H = 4.64 p.u., Rs = 0.005 p.u., \( R_{r}^\prime = 0.004 \) p.u., Xσs = 0.125 p.u., \( {\text{X}}_{{{\sigma r}}}^\prime = 0.179 \) p.u., Xm = 6.77 p.u (Fig. 46).

Fig. 46
figure 46

Power curve of a 1.5 MW DFIG wind turbine

Full size image
  1. (e)

    2 MW DFIG wind turbine

Rated power: 2 MW, rated voltage: 690 V, R = 38 m, Hr = 0.5 p.u., gear box ratio: 1:89, Kmec = 95 p.u., Dmec = 40 p.u., Hg = 2.5 p.u., Rs = 0.01 p.u., \( R_{r}^\prime = 0.01 \) p.u., Xσs = 0.1 p.u., \( {\text{X}}_{{{\sigma r}}}^\prime = 0.08 \) p.u., Xm = 3 p.u (Fig. 47).

Fig. 47
figure 47

Power curve of a 2 MW DFIG wind turbine

Full size image
  1. (f)

    3 MW fixed speed wind turbine

Rated power: 3 MW, rated voltage: 600 V, R = 45 m, Hr = 4.29 p.u., gear box ratio: 1:89, Kmec = 296 p.u., Dmec = 15 p.u., Hg = 0.90 p.u., Rs = 0.003 p.u., \( R_{r}^\prime = 0.002 \) p.u., Xσs = 0.063 p.u., \( {\text{X}}_{{{\sigma r}}}^\prime = 0.089 \) p.u., Xm = 3.38 p.u (Fig. 48).

Fig. 48
figure 48

Power curve of a 3 MW fixed speed wind turbine

Full size image
  1. (g)

    Electrical network of the fixed speed wind park with 6 wind turbines of 350 kW and 6 wind turbines of 500 kW

  • LV lines Cluster 1 (r = 0.4 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 200 m); Cluster 2 (r = 0.4 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 300 m).

  • LV/MV transformers Cluster 1 (800 kVA, 20/0.66 kV, εcc = 6 %); Cluster 2 (1,250 kV, 20/0.66 kV, εcc = 5 %).

  • MV lines Cluster 1 (r = 0.15 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 500 m); Cluster 2 (r = 0.15 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 600 m).

  • MV/HV transformers (10 MVA, 20/66 kV, εcc = 8 %).

  • Feeder (r = 0.2 Ω/km, x = 0.4 Ω/km, length = 10 km).

  • Grid Short circuit power at PCC = 500 MVA, X/R ratio = 20.

  1. (h)

    Electrical network of the DFIG wind park with 6 wind turbines of 2 MW

  • LV/MV transformers (2.5 MVA, 20/0.66 kV, εcc = 6 %).

  • MV lines (r = 0.3 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 200 m).

  • MV cluster lines Cluster 1 (r = 0.15 Ω/km, x = 0.05 Ω/km, length = 1 km); Cluster 2 (r = 0.15 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 2 km).

  • MV/HV transformers (15 MVA, 20/66 kV, εcc = 8.5 %).

  • Feeder (r = 0.16 Ω/km, x = 0.35 Ω/km, length = 20 km).

  • Grid Short circuit power at PCC = 500 MVA, X/R ratio = 20.

  1. (i)

    Electrical network of the DFIG wind park with 6 wind turbines of 660 kW and 6 wind turbines of 2 MW

  • LV/MV transformers Cluster 1 (800 kVA, 20/0.66 kV, εcc = 6 %); Cluster 2 (2.5 MV, 20/0.66 kV, εcc = 6 %).

  • MV lines Cluster 1 (r = 0.3 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 200 m); Cluster 2 (r = 0.4 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 200 m).

  • MV cluster lines: Cluster 1 (r = 0.15 Ω/km, x = 0.05 Ω/km, length = 500 km); Cluster 2 (r = 0.15 Ω/km, x = 0.1 Ω/km, length = 2 km).

  • MV/HV transformers Cluster 1 (4 MVA, 20/66 kV, εcc = 8 %); Cluster 2 (15 MVA, 20/66 kV, εcc = 8.5 %).

  • Feeder (r = 0.2 Ω/km, x = 0.4 Ω/km, length = 10 km).

  • Grid Short circuit power at PCC = 500 MVA, X/R ratio = 20.

  1. (j)

    Electrical network of the fixed speed wind park with 3 wind turbines of 3 MW

LV/MV transformers (4 MVA, 25/0.60 kV, εcc = 7.7 %).

MV lines (r = 0.115 Ω/km, x = 0.33 Ω/km, length = 1 km).

MV cluster line (r = 0.115 Ω/km, x = 0.33 Ω/km, length = 25 km).

MV/HV transformers (47 MVA, 25/120 kV, εcc = 3.3 %).

Grid Short circuit power at PCC = 2,500 MVA, X/R ratio = 10.

SVC (3 MVA, 25 kV, tdelay = 4 ms).

STATCOM (3 MVA, 25 kV, R = 0.007 pu, X = 0.22 pu, Ceq = 1,125 μF).

  1. (k)

    Electrical network of the DFIG wind park with 1 wind turbine of 1.5 MW

LV/MV transformers (1.75 MVA, 25/0.60 kV, εcc = 7.7 %).

MV line (r = 0.115 Ω/km, x = 0.33 Ω/km, length = 1 km).

MV cluster line (r = 0.115 Ω/km, x = 0.33 Ω/km, length = 30 km).

MV/HV transformers (15 MVA, 25/120 kV, εcc = 6.3 %).

Grid Short circuit power at PCC = 2,500 MVA, X/R ratio = 10.

Battery (585 Ah, 624 V).

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García, C.A., Fernández, L.M., Jurado, F. (2013). Modelling and Control of Wind Parks. In: Pardalos, P., Rebennack, S., Pereira, M., Iliadis, N., Pappu, V. (eds) Handbook of Wind Power Systems. Energy Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41080-2_15

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