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The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements pp 415–483Cite as

Gas-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements

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Abstract

This chapter summarizes gas chemical studies of transactinides using two approaches, gas thermochromatography and isothermal gas chromatography. Both techniques enabled successful chemical studies of the transactinides, rutherfordium (Z = 104, Rf) , dubnium (Z = 105, Db), seaborgium (Z = 106, Sg), bohrium (Z = 107, Bh), hassium (Z = 108; Hs), copernicium (Z = 112, Cn), and the recently named flerovium (Z = 114, Fl). Typically, these chemical investigations were performed one-atom-at-a-time with a total of less than 20 atoms. For their synthesis, hot heavy-ion fusion reactions with actinide targets were used. The elements Rf through Hs show the typical behavior of d-elements, representing the expected trend within their respective group of the Periodic Table. The chemical species investigated were volatile halides, oxyhalides, oxide hydroxides, and oxides. The elements copernicium and flerovium were studied in their elemental state.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Due to an erroneous assignment of mass numbers and decay properties in the physics discovery experiment [37], it was believed that also in the chemistry experiments two different isotopes of Sg, namely 265Sg and 266Sg were observed [36, 38, 39]. After, the discovery of 270Hs (the α-decay mother of 266Sg) it became evident, that all decay chains observed in the Sg chemistry experiments are due to 265Sg only [13, 14]. There is now conclusive evidence for two isomeric states in 265Sg [40]. 265Sga decays with a half-life of about 9 s preferentially to 261Rfa, which further decays by α-particle emission and a half-life of 68 s to 257No, whereas 265Sgb with a half-life of about 14 s decays preferentially to 261Rfb, which undergoes spontaneous fission with a half-life of about 3 s [40, 41]. Both states are formed in the direct synthesis reaction 248Cm(22Ne,5n)265Sga,b. See detailed discussion in Sect. 6.5 and Fig. 31.

  2. 2.

    In the original publication, the decay chains were erroneously attributed to 266Sg. However, this does not affect the significance of the observation of Sg or the interpretation of the chemical result.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie, Universität Bern, Bern, CH

    Heinz W. Gäggeler & Andreas Türler

  2. Labor für Radio- und Umweltchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, CH

    Heinz W. Gäggeler & Andreas Türler

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    Matthias Schädel

  2. Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA

    Dawn Shaughnessy

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Gäggeler, H.W., Türler, A. (2014). Gas-Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. In: Schädel, M., Shaughnessy, D. (eds) The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_8

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