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Anisakid Nematode (Ascaridoidea) Life Cycles and Distribution: Increasing Zoonotic Potential in the Time of Climate Change?

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Progress in Parasitology

Part of the book series: Parasitology Research Monographs ((Parasitology Res. Monogr.,volume 2))

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Abstract

Parasitic nematodes are known as important pathogens that cause problems for human and animal health. Some of them naturally inhabit the marine environment, where they are widespread and can be found in a variety of different hosts. Food-borne zoonoses via aquatic animals are most often linked to anisakid nematodes of the genera Anisakis Dujardin, 1845, Contracaecum Railliet and Henry, 1912, and Pseudoterranova Mozgovoi, 1951. These are commonly found in the digestive tract of marine mammals, and infect aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates as intermediate hosts. The most widely distributed whale worms Anisakis spp. involve cetaceans as final and planktonic copepods, euphausiids, squids and teleosts as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Painful infections of the digestive tract in humans originate through consumption of raw or semi-raw fisheries products, for example fish and squid. Recent molecular studies revealed the existence of morphologically similar but genetically different cryptic species (‘sibling species’) within the anisakids. Among these, A. simplex (s.s.) is responsible for the highest number of recorded human infections. Molecular studies of Anisakis larvae from various parts of the world Oceans demonstrate an uneven species distribution, with A. simplex (s.s.) being limited to the northern hemisphere. Another species, A. typica, has not yet been connected to this disease, and seems to be restricted to the tropical regions. This chapter presents the present state of knowledge about this widespread group of fish parasites, including the importance as human pathogens, their life cycle biology, biogeography and phylogeny. The distribution of the currently recognized Anisakis species is summarized and combined with the number of known cases of human anisakiasis. We suggest that pathogenicity for humans is different among the Anisakis siblings, providing a possible explanation for uneven disease records worldwide. The possibility of a changing risk of anisakidosis in the time of climate change is discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The present study was financially supported by the German Research Council (DFG KL 2087/1-1, 1–2), by the Research and Innovation funds of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, and the Gesellschaft für Ichthyologie e.V. (GiF). Dr. R. Bray (The Natural History Museum London) provided helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

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  1. Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F, LOEWE), Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfur/Main, Germany

    Sven Klimpel

  2. Aquakultur and Sea Ranching, Universität Rostock, Justus von Liebig Weg 6, 18059, Rostock, Germany

    Harry W. Palm

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Correspondence to Sven Klimpel or Harry W. Palm .

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  1. Department of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology and Parasitology,, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany

    Heinz Mehlhorn

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Klimpel, S., Palm, H.W. (2011). Anisakid Nematode (Ascaridoidea) Life Cycles and Distribution: Increasing Zoonotic Potential in the Time of Climate Change?. In: Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Progress in Parasitology. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21396-0_11

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