Zusammenfassung
Die Diagnose depressiver Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen erfolgt nach denselben Kriterien wie bei Erwachsenen, das DSM-IV beschreibt jedoch einige kinder- und jugendspezifische Besonderheiten. Kinder und Jugendliche neigen mehr zur Externalisierung emotionaler Probleme. Das Hauptsymptom einer Depression bei einem Kind oder Jugendlichen kann dementsprechend in erhöhter Reizbarkeit oder Hyperaktivität bestehen. Die Klassifikationssysteme ICD-10 und DSM-IV unterscheiden zwischen Depression und Dysthymie bzw. dysthymen Störungen (◘ Tab. 17.1). Der Hauptunterschied zwischen beiden Entitäten besteht darin, dass die Symptome der Dysthymie zwar schwächer ausgeprägt sind, dafür aber länger anhalten.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Literatur zum Abschnitt 17.1 »Depressive Störungen «
Abler B, Erk S, Hewig U et al (2007) Anticipation of aversive stimuli activates extended amygdala in unipolar depression. J Psychiatr Research 41: 511–522
Barton DA, Esler D, Dawood T et al (2008) Elevated brain serotonin turnover in patients with depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 38–46
Bauer, M (2009) Persönliche Mitteilung 2009
Bauer M, Bschor T, Kunz D et al (2000) Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication in continuation treatment of unipolar major depression. Am J Psychiatry 157: 1429–1435
Beck AT (2008) The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry 165: 969–977
Bergh RH Van Den, Van Calster B, Smits T et al (2008) Antenatal maternal anxiety is related to HPA-axis dysregulation and self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence: a prospective study on the fetal origins of depressed mood. Neuropsychopharmacology 33: 536–545
Birmaher B, Brent D (2007) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 1503–1526
Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson D et al (1996) Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I. J Amer Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35: 1427–1439
Bschor T, Adli M (2008) Therapie depressiver Erkrankungen. Dtsch Ärztebl 105: 782–792
Bschor T, Lewitzka U, Pfennig A, Bauer M (2007) Fünfundzwanzig Jahre Lithiumaugmentation. Nervenarzt 78: 1237–1247
Brent DA, Emslie GJ, Clarke GN et al (2009) Predictors of spontaneous and systematically assessed suicidal adverse events in the treatment of SSRIresistant depression in adolescents (TORDIA) study. Am J Psychiatry 166: 418–426
Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary ChB et al (2007) Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 297: 1683–1696
Campbell S, Mariott M, Nahmis C et al (2004) Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression: A meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 161: 598–607
Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE et al (2003) Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301: 386–389
Cervilla JA, Molina E, Rivera M et al (2007) The risk for depression conferred by stressful life events is modified by variation at the serotonin transporter 5HTTLPR genotype: evidence from the spanish PREDICT-gene cohort. Mol Psychiatry 12: 748–755
Cheung AH, Emslie GJ, Mayes TL (2005) Review of the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in youth depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46: 753–754
Compton SN, March JS, Brent D et al (2004) Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents: an evidence-based medicine review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43: 930–959
Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Angold A (2006) Is there an epidemic of child or adoles6 cent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47: 1263–1271
Curry J, Rohde P, Simons A et al (2006) Predictors and moderators of acute outcome in the treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 1427–1439
Damm J, Eser D, Schüle C et al (2009) Depressive Kernsymptome: Wirksamkeit medikamentöser antidepressiver Therapieverfahren. Nervenarzt 80: 515–531
Davis EP, Glynn LM, Schetter ChD et al (2007) Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 737–746
De Cuyper S, Timbremont B, Braet C et al (2004) Treating depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: a pilotstudy. Europ Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13: 105–114
Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Wagner KD et al (2002) Fluoxetin for acute treatment of depression in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41: 1205–1215
Emslie GJ, Heiligenstein JH, Hoog SL et al (2004) Fluoxetin treatment for prevention of relapse of depression in children and adolescents: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43: 1379–1405
Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM et al (2005) Subthreshold depression in adolescence and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 66–72
Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood J (2007) Recurrence of major depression in adolescence and early adulthood, and later mental health, educational and economic outcomes. Br J Psychiatry 191: 335–342
Fombonne E, Wostear G, Cooper V et al (2001) The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression. Br J Psychiatry 179: 210–217
Forbes EE, Christopher May J, Siegle GJ et al (2006) Reward-related decisionmaking in pediatric major depressive disorder: An fMRI study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47: 1031–1040
Frodl Th, Schüle C, Schmitt G et al (2007) Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism with reduced hippocampal volumes in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 410–416
Glowinski AL, Madden PA, Bucholz KK et al (2003) Genetic epidemiology of self-reported lifetime DSM-IV major depressive disorder in a populationbased twin sample of female adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44: 988–996
Gibbons RD, Hur K, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ (2006) The relationship between antidepressant prescription rates and rate of early adolescent suicide. Am J Psychiatry 163: 1898–1904
Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K et al (2007) Early evidence on the effects of regulators suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 146: 1356–1363
Goldapple K, Segal Z, Garson C et al (2004) Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 34–41
Goodman WK, Murphy TK, Storch EA (2007) Risk of adverse behavioral effects with pediatric use of antidepressents. Psychopharmacology 191: 87–96
Goodyer I, Dubicka B, Wilkinson P et al (2007) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and routine specialist care with and without cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 335: 142–149
Goodyer IM (2008) Emanuel Miller lecture: early onset depressions – meanings, mechanisms and processes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49: 1239–1256
Gotlib IH, Joormann J, Minor KL, Hallmayer J (2007) HPA axis reactivity: a mechanism underlying the associations among 5-HTTLPR, stress, and depression. Biol Psychiatry 63: 847–851
Guardini R (1949) Vom Sinn der Schwermut. Arche, Zürich
Halari R, Simic M, Pariante CM et al (2009) Reduced activation in lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate during attention and cognitive control functions in medication-naive adolescents with depression compared to controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50: 307–316
Hammad TA, Laughren Th, Racoosin J (2006) Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 332–339
Holtmann M, Bölte S, Poustka F (2006) Suizidalität bei depressiven Kindern und Jugendlichen unter Behandlung mit selektiven Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmern. Nervenarzt 77: 1332–1337
Hughes CW, Emslie GJ, Crismon ML et al (2007) Texas children’s medication algorithm project: update from Texas consensus conference panel on medication treatment of childhood major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 667–686
Inkster B, Nichols Th, Saemann G et al (2009) Association of GSK3β polymorphisms with brain structural changes in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 721–728
Kaufman J, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H et al (2004) Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 17316–17321
Kaufman J, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H et al (2006) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-5-HTTLPR gene interactions and environmental modifiers of depression in children. Biol Psychiatry 59: 673–680
Kennard B, Silva S, Vitiello B et al (2006) Remission and residual symptoms after short-term treatment in the treatment of adolescents with depression study (TADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 1404–1411
Kerns LL (1997) Hilfen für depressive Kinder. Ein Ratgeber. Huber-Verlag, Bern
Kessing LV (2008) Severity of depressive episodes during the course of depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 192: 290–293
Kölch M, Fegert JM (2007) Medikamentöse Therapie der Depression bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatrie 56: 224–233
Kölch M, Bücheler R, Fegert JM (2006) Johanniskraut – eine Evidenz-basierte Alternative in der Behandlung kindlicher und juveniler Depressionen? Psychopharmakotherapie 13: 95–99
Kratochvil C, Emslie G, Silva S et al (2006) Acute time to response in the treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 1412–1418
Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR et al (2003) Psychosocial functioning of youth adults who have experienced and recovered from major depressive disorder during adolescence. J Abnorm Psychology 112: 353–363
Lieb R, Isensee B, Hofler M et al (2002) Parental major depression and the risk of depression and other mental disorders in offspring: a prospectivelongitudinal community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59: 365–374
Luby L, Mrakotsky Ch, Heffelfinger A et al (2003) Modification of DSM-IV Criteria for depressed preschool children. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1169–1172
March JS, Silva S, Petrycki S et al (2004) Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy and their combination for adolescents with depression. JAMA 292: 807–820
March JS, Silva S, Vitello B et al (2006) The treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS): methods and message at 12 weeks. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 1393–1403
Markowitz JC (2008) Depressed mothers, depressed children. Am J Psychiatry 165: 1086–1088
Mayes TL, Tao R, Rintelmann et al (2007) Do children and adolescents have differential response rates in placebo-controlled trials of fluoxetine? CNS Spectrum 12: 147–154
McCarty C, Weisz JR (2007) Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: what we can (and can’t) learn from meta-analysis and component profiling. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 879–886
Mehler-Wex C, Kölch M (2008) Depressive Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Dtsch Ärztebl 105: 149–155
Meyer TD, Hautzinger M (2004) Manisch-depressive Störungen. Kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisches Behandlungsmanual. Beitz, Weinheim
Mufson L, Pollack Dorta K, Wickramaratne P et al (2004) A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 577–584
Olfson M, Shaffer D, Marcus SC, Greenberg T (2003) Relationship between antidepressant medication treatment and suicide in adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 976–982
Pössel P, Hautzinger M (2006) Effekte pharmakologischer und psychotherapeutischer Interventionen auf Depressionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Z Kinder-Jugenpsychiatr 34: 342–255
Post RM (2007) Role of BDNF in bipolar and unipolar disorder: clinical and theoretical implications. J Psychiatr Res 41: 979–990
Rice F, Harold GT, Thapar A (2003) Negative life events as an account of agerelated differences in the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44: 977–987
Rush AJ, Kraemer HC, Sackeim HA et al (2006) Report by the ACNP task force on response and remission in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 31: 1841–1853
Safer DJ, Zito JM (2006) Treatment-emergent adverse events from selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by age group: children versus adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacology 16: 159–169
Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C et al (2003) Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301: 805–809
Schüle C, Baghai TC, Rupprecht R (2007) Neue Erkenntnisse zur Pathogenese und Pathophysiologie der Depression. Nervenarzt (Suppl 3) 78: 531–550
Schulte-Körne G, Allgaier A (2008) Genetik depressiver Störungen. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr Psychother 36: 27–43
Schwartz JA, Kaslow NJ, Racusin GR, Carton ER (1998) Interpersonal family therapy for childhood depression. In: van Hasselt VB, Hersen M (Hrsg) Handbook of psychological treatment protocols for children and adolescents. Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ, S 109–151
Scourfield J, Rice F, Thapar A et al (2003) Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: changing aetiological influences with development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44: 968–976
Swartz HA, Frank E, Zuckhoff A et al (2008) Brief interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed mothers whose children are receiving psychiatric treatment. Am J Psychiatry 165: 1155–1162
Tao R, Emslie G, Mayes T et al (2009) Early prediction of acute antidepressant treatment response and remission in pediatric major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48: 71–78
Vitiello B, Pearson JL (2008) A depressed adolescent at high risk of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 165: 323–328
Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y et al (2005) Families at high and low risk for depression: a 3-generation study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 29–36
Weissmann MM, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y et al (2006) Offspring of depressed parents: 20 years later. Am J Psychiatry 163: 1001–1008
Weisz JR, McCarty CA, Valeri SM (2006) Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 132: 132–149
Wilkinson P, Dubicka B, Kelvin R et al (2009) Treated depression in adolescents: predictors of outcome at 28 weeks. Br J Psychiatry 194: 334–341
Zisook S, Lesser I, Stewart JW et al (2007) Effect of age at onset on the course of major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1539–1546
Literatur zum Abschnitt 17.2 »Bipolare Störungen«
Axelson D, Birmaher B, Strober M et al (2006) Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 1139–1148
Bachmann RF, Schloesser RJ, Gould TD, Manji HK (2005) Molecular and cellular neurobiologic studies identify novel targets for the long-term actions of mood stabilizers. Clin Appr Bipolar Disorders 4: 46–55
Baroni A, Lunsford JR, Luckenbaugh DA et al (2009) Practitioner review: The assessment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50: 203–215
Baumann B, Normann C, Bielau H (2003) Neurobiologische Grundlagen bipolarer affektiver Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 74: 607–628
Bearden CE, Soares JC, Klunder AD et al (2008) Three-dimensional mapping of hippocampal anatomy in adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47: 512–525
Birmaher B (2007) Longitudinal course of pediatric bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 164: 537–539
Birmaher B, Axelson D, Strober M et al (2006) Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 175–183
Birmaher B, Axleson D, Monk K et al (2009) Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66: 287–296
Blader J, Carlson GA (2007) Increased rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses among U.S. child, adolescent and adult inpatients. Biol Psychiatry 62: 104–106
Blumberg HP, Kaufman J, Martin A et al (2003) Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 1201–1208
Bowden CL (2000) Efficacy of lithium in mania and maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 61: 35–40
Brotman MA, Guyer AE, Lawson ES et al (2008) Facial emotion labeling deficits in children and adolescents at risk for bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 165: 385–389
Carlson GA, Kashani JH (1988) Manic symptoms in a non-referred adolescent population. J Affect Disorders 15: 219–226
Chang K, Karchemisky A, Barnea-Goraly N et al (2005) Reduced amygdala gray matter volume in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44: 565–573
Chang K, Saxena K, Houx M (2006) An open-label study of lalomotrigine adjunct or monotherapy for the treatment of adolescents with bipolar depression. J Am Acad Adolesc Psychiatry 45: 298–304
Consoli A, Deniau E, Huynh C et al (2007) Treatments in child and adolescent bipolar disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16: 187–198
DelBello MP, Zimmerman ME, Mills NP et al (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 6: 43–52
DelBello MP, Adler CM, Whitsel RM et al (2007) A 12-week single-blind trial of quetiapine for the treatment of mood symptoms in adolescents at high risk for developing bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 789–795
DelBello MP, Hanseman D, Adler CM et al (2007) Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. Am J Psychiatry 164: 582–590
Dickstein DP, Milham MP, Nugent AC et al (2005) Frontotemporal alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 734–741
Dickstein DP, Nelson EE, McClure EB et al (2007) Cognitive flexibility in phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43: 341–355
Ernst M, Dickstein DP, Munson S et al (2004) Reward-related processes in pediatric bipolar disorder: A pilot study. J Affect Disorders 82: 89–101
Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT (2003) The genetics of pediatric-onset bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 53: 970–977
Findling RL, McNamara NK, Gracious BL et al (2003) Combination lithium and divalproex sodium in pediatric bipolarity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42: 895–901
Findling RL, Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA et al (2007) Double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of symptomatic youth at high risk for developing bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 781–788
Frazier JA, Hodge SM, Breeze JL et al (2008) Diagnostic and sex effects on limbic volumes in early-onset bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 34: 37–46
Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K et al (2004) Long-term Lithium therapy for bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 161: 217–222
Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K et al (2002) Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar phenotype. Am J Psychiatry 159: 927–933
Geller B, Tillmann R, Carney JL, Bolhofner K (2004) Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 459–467
Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimmerman B (2008) Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 1125–1133
Gerlach M, Baving L, Fegert J (2006) Therapie mit Lithiumsalzen in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie – Klinische Wirksamkeit und praktische Empfehlungen. Z Kinder Jugenpsychiatr Psychother 34: 181–189
Gogtay N, Ordonez A, Herman DH et al (2007) Dynamic mapping of cortical development before and after the onset of pediatric bipolar illness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48: 852–862
Goldstein TR, Axelson DA, Birmaher B, Brent DA (2007) Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents with bipolar disorder: a 1-year open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 820–830
Guille C, Sachs GS, Ghaemi SN (2000) A naturalistic comparison of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 61: 638–642
Harpold TL, Wozniak J, Known A et al (2005) Examining the association between pediatric bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders in psychiatrically referred children and adolescents. J Affect Disorders 88: 19–26
Holtmann M, Bölte S, Goth K et al (2007) Prevalence of the CBCL-pediatric bipolar disorder phenotype in a german general population sample. Bipolar Disorders 9: 895–900
Holtmann M, Goth K, Wöckel L et al (2008) CBCL-pediatric bipolar disorder phenotype: severe ADHD or bipolar disorder? J Neural Transmission 115: 155–161
Holtmann M (2009) Früh beginnende bipolare Störungen: Unterdiagnostiziert oder überbewertet? Z. Kinder Jugenpsychiatr Psychother 37: 159–161
Ivleva E, Thaker G, Tamminga CA (2008) Comparing genes and phenomenology in the major psychoses: schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Schizophr Bull 34: 734–742
Jogia J, Haldane M, Cobb A et al (2008) Pilot investigation of the changes in cortical activation during facial affect recognition with lamotrigine monotherapy in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 192: 197–201
[41] Kafantaris V, Coletti J, Dicker R et al (2003) Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a large open trail. J Am Adac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42: 1038–1045
Kowatch RA, Fristad MA, Birmaher B et al (2005) Child Psychiatric workgroup members. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescencts with bipolar disorder: child psychiatric workgroup on bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44: 213–235
Kowatch RA, Scheffer R, Findling RL (2007) Placebo controlled trial of divalproex versus lithium for bipolar disorder, in 2007 proceedings of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent annual meeting. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46
Kowatch RA, Findling RL, Scheffer R (2007) Placebo controlled trial of divalproex versus lithium for bipolar disorder. Paper presented at: Annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, October 23–28, Boston MA
Leibenluft E, Charney DS, Towbin KE et al (2003) Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. Am J Psychiatry 160: 430–437
Leibenluft E, Rich BA (2008) Pediatric bipolar disorder. Ann Rev Clin Psychology 4: 163–187
Leverich GS, Post RM (2006) Course of bipolar illness after history of childhood trauma. Lancet 367: 1040–1042
Leverich GS, Post RM, Keck PE et al (2007) The poor prognosis of childhoodonset bipolar disorder. J Pediatrics 150: 485–490
Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Seeley JR (1995) Bipolar disorders in a community sample of older adolescents: Prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34: 453–463
Masi G, Perugi G, Millepiedi S et al (2007) Clinical Implications of DSM-IV subtyping of bipolar disorders in referred children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 1299–1306
Meyer T, Koßmann-Böhm S, Schlottke P (2004) Do child psychiatrists in germany diagnose bipolar disorders in children and adolescents? Results from a survey. Bipolar Disorders 5: 426–431
McClellan J (2005) Commentary: treatment guidelines for child and adolescent bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44: 236–239
McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL et al (2007) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 107–125
McClure EB, Treland JE, Snow J et al (2005) Deficits in social cognition and response flexibility in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1644–1651
McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, McKirdy J et al (2008) Prefrontal function and activation in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 165: 378–348
Macneil CA, Hasty MK, Berk M et al (2011) Psychological needs of adolescents in the early phase ok bipolar disorder: implications for early intervention. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 5: 100–107
Meyer SE, Carlson GA (2008) Early-onset bipolar disorder. Focus 6: 271–283
Miklowitz DJ, Axelson DA, Birmaher B et al (2008) Family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 1053–1061
Moore GJ, Bebchuk JM, Hasanat K et al (2000) Lithium increases N-acetyl-aspartate in the human brain: in vivo evidence in support of bcl-2’s neurotrohic effects? Biol Psychiatry 48: 1–8
Moreno C, Laje G, Blanco C et al (2007) National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 1032–1039
O’Connor TG (2002) The effects of antenatal anxiety on behavioural and emotional development children. J Affect Disorders 68: 95
Pavuluri MN, Birmaher B, Naylor MW (2005) Pediatric bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44: 846–871
Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Moss M et al (2009) Effectivness of lamotrigine in maintaining symptom control in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacology 19: 75–82
Perlis RH, Brown E, Baker RW, Nierenberg AA (2006) Clinical features of bipolar depression versus major depression disorder in large multicenter trials. Am J Psychiatry 163: 225–231
Pfeifer JC, Welge J, Strakowski SM et al (2008) Meta-analysis of amygdala volumes in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47: 1289–1298
Rende R, Birmaher D, Axelson D et al (2007) Childhood-onset bipolar disorder: evidence for increased familial loading of psychiatric illness. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46: 197–204
Rich BA, Vinton D, Roberson-Nay R et al (2006) Limbic hyperactivation during processing of neutral facial expressions in children with bipolar disorder. Proceed Nat Acad Sciences 103: 8900–8905
Rich BA, Fromm SJ, Berghost LH et al (2008) Neural connectivity in children with bipolar disorder: Impairment in the face emotion processing circuit. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49: 88–96
Sassi R, Nicoletti M, Brambilla et al (2002) Increased gray matter volume in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients. Neurosci Letters 329: 243–245
Silverstone PH, Wu RH, O’Donnell T et al (2003) Chronic treatment with lithium, but not sodium valpraote, increases cortical N-acetyl-aspartate concentrations in euthymic bipolar patients. Int Clin Psychopharmacology 18: 73–79
Smarty S, Findling RL (2007) Psychopharmacology of pediatric bipolar disorder: a review. Psychopharmacology 191: 39–54
Strober M, Morrell W, Lampert C, Burroughs J (1990) Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance therapy in adolescents with bipolar I illness: a naturalistic study. Am J Psychiatry 147: 457–461
Tohen M, Ketter TA, Zarate CA et al (2003) Olanzapine versus divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania and and maintenance of remission: a 47-week study. Am J Psychiatry 160: 1263–1271
Tohen M, Kryzhanovskaya L, Carlson G et al (2007) Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of adolescents with bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1547–1556
Tohen M, Bowden CL, Smulevich AB et al (2008) Olanzapine plus carbamazepine v. carvamazepine alone in treating manic episodes. Br J Psychiatry 192: 135–143
Tillman R, Geller B (2005) A brief screening tool for a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1214–1216
Tramontina S, Zeni CP, Pheula GF et al (2007) Aripiprazole in juvenile bipolar disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open clinical trial. CNS Spectrum 12: 758–762
Vloet JA, Hagenah UF (2009) Pharmakotherapie bipolarer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Z Kinder-Jugenpsychiatr Psychother 37: 27–50
Wagner KD, Redden L, Kowatch RA et al (2007) Safety and efficacy of divalproex ER in youth with mania, in 2007 proceedings of the American academy of child and adolescent psychiatry annual meeting. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007
West AE, Henry DB, Pavuluri MN (2007) Maintenance model of integrated psychosocial treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder: a pilot feasibility study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42: 205–212
Wilens TE, Biederman J, Kwon A et al (2004) Risk for a substance use disorder in adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43: 1380–1386
Wilens TE, Biederman J, Adamson JJ et al (2008) Further evidence of an association between adolescent bipolar disorder with smoking and substance use disorders: a controlled study. Drug Alcohol Depend 95: 188–198
Yuan P, Gould TD, Gray NA et al (2004) Neurotrophic signaling cascades are major long-term targets for lithium: clinical implications. Clin Neurosci Res 4: 137–153
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eggers, C. (2012). Affektive Störungen. In: Fegert, J.M., Eggers, C., Resch, F. (eds) Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19846-5_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19846-5_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19845-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19846-5
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)