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Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics pp 161–251Cite as

Nonlinear Optics

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Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief introduction into the basic nonlinear-optical phenomena and discusses some of the most significant recent advances and breakthroughs in nonlinear optics, as well as novel applications of nonlinear-optical processes and devices.

Nonlinear optics is the area of optics that studies the interaction of light with matter in the regime where the response of the material system to the applied electromagnetic field is nonlinear in the amplitude of this field. At low light intensities, typical of non-laser sources, the properties of materials remain independent of the intensity of illumination. The superposition principle holds true in this regime, and light waves can pass through materials or be reflected from boundaries and interfaces without interacting with each other. Laser sources, on the other hand, can provide sufficiently high light intensities to modify the optical properties of materials. Light waves can then interact with each other, exchanging momentum and energy, and the superposition principle is no longer valid. This interaction of light waves can result in the generation of optical fields at new frequencies, including optical harmonics of incident radiation or sum- or difference-frequency signals. It can even lead to the production of ultrashort light pulses in the attosecond (10−18 s) domain.

The experimental setup needed to obtain high-order harmonics is given followed by a discussion of the microscopic and macroscopic physics underlying the generation of attosecond pulse trains and single attosecond pulses. The field of attosecond science is reviewed, different measurement techniques are described, and some applications are discussed.

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Abbreviations

APT:

attosecond pulse train

ATI:

above-threshold ionization

BBO:

β-barium-borate

C–E:

carrier–envelope

CARS:

coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

CCD:

charge-coupled device

DFG:

difference-frequency generation

DFWM:

degenerate four-wave mixing

FDTD:

finite-difference time domain

FROG:

frequency-resolved optical gating

FWHM:

full width at half-maximum

FWM:

four-wave mixing

GVD:

group velocity dispersion

HHG:

high-order-harmonic generation

IR:

infrared

KDP:

potassium dihydrogen phosphate

MI:

modulation instability

NIR:

near infrared

NLSE:

nonlinear Schrödinger equation

OPA:

optical parametric amplifier

OPCPA:

optical parametric chirped pulse amplification

OPO:

optical parametric oscillator

PBG:

photonic band gap

PCF:

photonic-crystal fiber

PM:

polarization-maintaining

RABBITT:

reconstruction of attosecond bursts by interference of two-photon transition

RIKE:

Raman-induced Kerr effect

SAP:

single attosecond pulse

SC:

supercontinuum

SEM:

scanning electron microscope

SFA:

strong field approximation

SFG:

sum-frequency generation

SHG:

second-harmonic generation

SPIDER:

spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction

SPM:

self-phase modulation

SRS:

stimulated Raman scattering

SSFS:

soliton self-frequency shift

SVEA:

slowly varying envelope approximation

TDSE:

time-dependent Schrödinger equation

THG:

third-harmonic generation

TOF:

time-of-flight

UV:

ultraviolet

XFROG:

cross-correlation frequency-resolved optically gated

XPM:

cross-phase modulation

XUV:

extreme ultraviolet (soft x-ray)

YAG:

yttrium aluminium garnet

YLF:

yttrium lithium fluoride

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy gory, 119992, Moscow, Russia

    Aleksei Zheltikov

  2. Department of Physics, University of Lund, 22 100, Lund, Sweden

    Anne LʼHuillier

  3. Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany

    Ferenc Krausz

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  1. Aleksei Zheltikov
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Correspondence to Aleksei Zheltikov , Anne LʼHuillier or Ferenc Krausz .

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  1. Department of Physics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany

    Frank Träger

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Zheltikov, A., LʼHuillier, A., Krausz, F. (2012). Nonlinear Optics. In: Träger, F. (eds) Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19409-2_4

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