Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gallbladder Neoplasms

  • Reference work entry
Abdominal Imaging

  • 409 Accesses

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the imaging of gallbladder neoplasms. To this end, we primarily discuss the relevant epidemiological, pathological, and radiological features related to the imaging of gallbladder polyps, carcinoma, and metastases. Their imaging appearances on ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) are described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,099.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Albores-Saavedra J, Henson DE, Klimstra DS. Tumors of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts and ampulla of Vater, Atlas of tumor pathology; 3 rd series, fascicle 27. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 2000a. p. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albores-Saavedra J, Scoazec JC, Wittekind C, Sripa B. Tumors of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, editors. World health organization classification of tumours: pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon, France: IARC; 2000b. p. 204–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Ruhl J, Howlader N, Tatalovich Z, Cho H, Mariotto A, Eisner MP, Lewis DR, Cronin K, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Stinchcomb DG, Edwards BK, editors. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2007. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute; 2010. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2007/. Based on November 2009 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site. Accessed 3 Jan 2011.

  • Bennett GL. Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and hyperplastic cholecystosis. In: Gore RM, Levine MS, editors. Textbook of gastrointestinal radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2008. p. 1411–57.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Casas D, Perez-Andres R, Jimenez JA, Mariscal A, Cuadras P, Salas M, GĂłmez-Plaza MC. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Abdom Imaging. 1996;21:456–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano OA, Sahani DV, Kalva SP, Cushing MS, Hahn PF, Brown JJ, Edelman RR. MR imaging of the gallbladder: a pictorial essay. Radiographics. 2008;28(1):135–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caygill CP, Hill MJ, Braddick M, Sharp JC. Cancer mortality in chronic typhoid and paratyphoid carriers. Lancet. 1994;343:83–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen A, Ishak K. Benign tumors and pseudotumors of the gallbladder: report of 180 cases. Arch Path Lab Med. 1970;90:423–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chun KA, Ha HK, Yu ES, Shinn KS, Kim KW, Lee DH, Kang SW, Auh YH. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: CT features with emphasis on differentiation from gallbladder carcinoma. Radiology. 1997;203:93–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corvera CU, Blumgart LH, Akhurst T, DeMatteo RP, D’Angelica M, Fong Y, Jarnagin WR. 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography influences management decisions in patients with biliary cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(1):57–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta U, Nagi B, Garg PK, Sinha SK, Singh K, Tandon RK. Patients with gallstones develop gallbladder cancer at an earlier stage age. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2005;14:381–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edge SB, Byrd DR, Carducci MA, Compton CC, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg RL. Gastrointestinal radiology: a pattern approach. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eslick GD. Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010;39(2):307–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang X, Gupta N, Shen SS, Tamboli P, Charnsangavej C, Rashid A, Wang H. Intraluminal polypoid metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in gallbladder mimicking gallbladder polyp. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;134:1003–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson RN. The Biliary system. In: Adam A, Dixon AK, editors. Grainger and Allison’s diagnostic radiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2008;36:763–788.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gore RM, Yaghmai V, Newmark GM, Berlin JW, Miller FH. Imaging benign and malignant disease of the gallbladder. Radiol Clin N Am. 2002;40(6):1307–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gore RM, Thakrar KH, Newmark GM, Mahta UK, Berlin JW. Gallbladder imaging. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2010;39(2):265–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guida M, Cramarossa A, Gentile A, et al. Metastatic malignant melanoma of the gallbladder: a case report and review of the literature. Melanoma Res. 2002;12:619–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey RT, Miller Jr WT. Acute biliary disease: initial CT and follow-up US versus initial US and follow-up CT. Radiology. 1999;213(3):831–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori M, Inui K, Yoshino J, Miyoshi H, Okushima K, Nakamura Y, Naito T, Imaeda Y, Horibe Y, Hattori T, Nakazawa S. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of polypoid gallbladder lesions. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2007;104(6):790–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang JI, Chou YH, Tsay SH, Chiang JH, Chang CY, Boland GW, Mueller PR. Radiologic and pathologic correlation of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. Abdom Imaging. 1998;23:73–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irie H, Kamochi N, Nojiri J, Egashira Y, Sasaguri K, Kudo S. High b-value diffusion-weighted MRI in differentiation between benign and malignant polypoid gallbladder lesions. Acta Radiol. 2011;52:236–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M, Oh Y, Park Y, et al. Gallbladder adenomyomatosis: findings on MRI. Abdom Imaging. 1999a;24:410–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim PN, Lee SH, Gong GY, et al. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: radiologic findings with histologic correlation that focuses on intramural nodules. AJR Am J Roentgen. 1999b;172:949–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MJ, Kim KW, Kim HC, Kim SY, Park SH, Kim AY, Ha HK, Byun JH, Won HJ, Shin YM, Kim PN, Lee MG. Unusual malignant tumors of the gallbladder. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(2):473–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SJ, Lee JM, Lee JY, Kim SH, Han JK, Choi BI, Choi JY. Analysis of enhancement pattern of flat gallbladder wall thickening on MDCT to differentiate gallbladder cancer from cholecystitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008a;191(3):765–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SJ, Lee JM, Lee JY, Choi JY, Kim SH, Han JK, Choi BI. Accuracy of preoperative T-staging of gallbladder carcinoma using MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008b;190(1):74–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiran RP, Pokala N, Dudrick SJ. Incidence pattern and survival for gallbladder cancer over three decades: an analysis of 10301 patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:827–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koh T, Tanigichi H, Yamaguchi A, Kunishima S. Differential diagnosis of gallbladder cancer using positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-labeled fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG PET). J Surg Oncol. 2003;84:74–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson SC, Wolk A. Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2007;96:1457–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy AD, Murakata LA, Rohrmann Jr CA. Gallbladder carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2001;21(2):295–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maldjian PD, Ghesani N, Ahmed S, Liu Y. Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: another cause for a “hot” gallbladder on 18 F-FDG PET. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(1):W36–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo SC, Shore AD, Nathan H, Edil B, Wolfgang CL, Hirose K, Herman J, Schulick RD, Choti MA, Pawlik TM. National trends in the management and survival of surgically managed gallbladder adenocarcinoma over 15 years: a population-based analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14:1578–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki K, Tsutsumi N, Kitahara K, et al. Hepatopancreatoduodenectomy for squamous and adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder. Hepatogastroenterology. 1995;42:47–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Numata K, Oka H, Morimoto M, Sugimori K, Kunisaki R, Nihonmatsu H, Matsuo K, Nagano A, Tanaka K. Differential diagnosis of gallbladder disease with contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26(6):762–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor OJ, Maher MM. Imaging of cholecystitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(4):W367–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtani T, Shirai Y, Tsukada K, Muto T, Hatakeyama K. Spread of gallbladder carcinoma: CT evaluation with pathologic correlation. Abdom Imaging. 1996;21:195–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onoyama H. Diagnostic imaging of early gallbladder cancer: retrospective study of 53 cases. World J Surg. 1999;23:708–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parra JA, Acinas O, Bueno J, GĂĽezmes A, Fernández MA, Fariñas MC. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: clinical, sonographic and CT findings in 26 pathients. AJR Am J Roentgen. 2000;174:979–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralls PW, Colletti PM, Lapin SA, Chandrasoma P, Boswell Jr WD, Ngo C, Radin DR, Halls JM. Real-time sonography in suspected acute cholecystitis. Prospective evaluation of primary and secondary signs. Radiology. 1985;155(3):767–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regan F, Schaefer DC, Smith DP, Petronis JD, Bohlman ME, Magnuson TH. The diagnostic utility of HASTE MRI in the evaluation of acute cholecystitis and gallbladder necrosis: value of contrast enhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgen. 2001;176:1025–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts KW, Daugherty SF. Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. Surg Clin North Am. 1986;66:743–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Gomez-Rio M, Llamas-Elvira JM, et al. Positron-emission tomography with fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose for gallbladder cancer diagnosis. Am J Surg. 2004;188:171–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20:981–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shebl FM, Andreotti G, Rashid A, Gao YT, Yu K, Shen MC, Wang BS, Li Q, Han TQ, Zhang BH, Fraumeni JF, Hsing AW. Diabetes in relation to biliary tract cancer and stones: a population-based study in Shanghai, China. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:115–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrikhande SV, Barreto SG, Singh S, Udwadia TE, Agarwal AK. Cholelithiasis in gallbladder cancer. Coincidence, cofactor, or cause! Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:514–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla VK, Chauhan VS, Mishra RN, Basu S. Lifestyle, reproductive factors and risk of gallbladder cancer. Singapore Med J. 2008;49(11):912–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith EA, Dillman JR, Elsayes KM, Menias CO, Bude RO. Cross-sectional imaging of acute and chronic gallbladder inflammatory disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(1):188–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama M, Xie X, Atomi Y, Saito M. Differential diagnosis of small polypoid lesion of the gallbladder. The value of endoscopic ultrasonography. Ann Surg. 1999;229(4):498–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tazuma S, Kajiyama G. Carcinogenesis of malignant lesions of the gallbladder. Arch Surg. 2001;386:2224–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian H, Matsumoto S, Takaki H, Kiyosue H, Komatsu E, Okino Y, Mori H, Miyake H. Mucin-producing carcinoma of the gallbladder: imaging demonstration in four cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27:150–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Breda Vriesman AC, Engelbrecht MR, Smithuis RH, Puylaert JB. Diffuse gallbladder wall thickening: differential diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(2):495–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward EM, Fulcher AS, Pereles FS, Gore RM. Neoplasms of the gallbladder and biliary tract. In: Gore RM, Levine MS, editors. Textbook of gastrointestinal radiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 1360–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington MK, Berlin J, Branton PA, Burgart LJ, Carter DK, Compton CC, Fitzgibbons PL, Frankel WL, Jessup JM, Kakar S, Minsky B, Nakhleh RE, Vauthey JN, Members of the Cancer Committee, College of American Pathologists. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinoma of the distal extrahepatic bile ducts. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134(4):8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wistuba II, Gazdar AF. Gallbladder cancer: lesions from a rare tumor. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4:695–706.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida J, Chijiiwa K, Shimura H, Yamaguchi K, Kinukawa N, Honda H, Tanaka M. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis versus gallbladder cancer: clinical differentiating factors. Am Surg. 1997;63:367–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimitsu K, Honda H, Kaneko K, et al. Dynamic MRI of the gallbladder lesions: differentiation of benign from malignant. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;7:696–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimitsu K, Honda H, Aibe H, Shinozaki K, Kuroiwa T, Irie H, Asayama Y, Masuda K. Radiologic diagnosis of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: comparative study among MRI, helical CT and transabdominal US. J Comput Assit Tomogr. 1998;26:843–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimitsu K, Honda H, Aibe H, et al. Radiologic diagnosis of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: comparative study among MRI, helical CT, and transabdominal US. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001;25:832–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeman RK. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. In: Gore RM, Levine MS, editors. Textbook of gastrointestinal radiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 1321–45.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, 02114, MA, USA

    Owen J. O’Connor, Shaunagh McDermott, Diego A. Covarrubias, Avinash R. Kambadakone & Dr. Michael A. Blake MD

  2. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Owen J. O’Connor

Authors
  1. Owen J. O’Connor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shaunagh McDermott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diego A. Covarrubias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Avinash R. Kambadakone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dr. Michael A. Blake MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael A. Blake MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Bernd Hamm

  2. Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Pablo R. Ros

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

O’Connor, O.J., McDermott, S., Covarrubias, D.A., Kambadakone, A.R., Blake, M.A. (2013). Gallbladder Neoplasms. In: Hamm, B., Ros, P.R. (eds) Abdominal Imaging. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13327-5_148

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13327-5_148

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-13326-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-13327-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation