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The Most Primitive Material in Meteorites

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Astromineralogy

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Physics ((LNP,volume 815))

Abstract

The most primitive matter known to occur in meteorites are circumstellar condensates. They were originally found as result of the search for the carrier phases of isotopically anomalous noble gases and isolated from the bulk meteorites using harsh chemical treatments. Diamond was the first and may occur with an abundance ‾1‰, but it is not clear what fraction of the observed nanometer-sized diamonds is truly presolar. Others found by this approach consist of thermally and chemically highly resistant materials (graphite, silicon carbide, refractory oxides and silicon nitride) and occur on the sub-ppm to several ten ppm level. Identification of presolar minerals susceptible to chemical treatment became possible with technical developments in secondary ion mass spectrometry allowing searches in the meteorites in situ. Presolar silicates found by this approach occur on an abundance level up to ~200 ppm.

Isotope abundance anomalies are the key feature based on which the presolar nature of a given grain is ascertained. They also allow identifying likely stellar sources for the grains. The major source of SiC, the oxide and the silicate grains are Red Giant/AGB stars, while some (~1%) of the SiC and all of the silicon nitride grains appear to be linked to supernovae, as are probably the presolar nanodiamonds. Graphite grains come from a number of different stellar sources. The detailed isotopic patterns also allow drawing conclusions about nucleosynthesis and mixing in stars as well as galactic chemical evolution.

Astronomical detection around specific sources, such as in the case of SiC and silicates, would be helpful if it could be achieved also for other grains. Deriving an age for the grains and establishing a detailed history between time of formation in stellar outflows and arrival in what was to become the solar system is a task that remains to be accomplished.

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Acknowledgement

Thanks go to a large number of colleagues in the field for many discussions on topics relating to presolar grains in meteorites. Special thanks go to Peter Hoppe, who also contributed Figs. 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8, and to Sachiko Amari who also supplied Fig. 3 a, c, d. Figures 3 b and 9 are from T.J. Bernatowicz, Fig. 3 e is from B.-G. Choi, Fig. 3 f from F. Banhart, Fig. 4 from C. Vollmer and Fig. 11 from A. Braatz.

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  1. Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55020, Mainz, Germany

    U. Ott

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  1. MPI für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany

    Thomas Henning

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Ott, U. (2010). The Most Primitive Material in Meteorites. In: Henning, T. (eds) Astromineralogy. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 815. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13259-9_7

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