Abstract
This paper examines the issues surrounding the effects of using vehicle emissions as the fitness criteria when solving routing problems using evolutionary techniques. The case-study examined is that of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) based upon the road network within the City of Edinburgh, Scotland. A low cost path finding algorithm (A*) is used to build paths through the street network between delivery points. The EA is used to discover tours that utilise paths with low emissions characteristics. Two methods of estimating CO2 emissions are examined; one that utilises a fuel consumption model and applies it to an estimated drive cycle and one that applies a simplistic CO2 calculation model that focuses on average speeds over street sections. The results of these two metrics are compared with each other and with results obtained using a traditional distance metric.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Applegate, D., Cook, W.: Concorde, combinatorial optimization and networked combinatorial optimization research and development environment (2002), http://www.math.princeton.edu/tsp/concorde.html
Lin, S., Kernighan, B.W.: An effective heuristic algorithm for the travelling salesman problem. Operations Research 21, 498–516 (1973)
Baraglia, R., Hidalgo, J.I., Perego, R.: A hybrid heuristic for the travelling salesman problem. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 5, 613–622 (2001)
Cook, W., Applegate, D., Bixby, R., Chvatal, V.: Finding tours in the TSP. Technical Report 99885, Research Institute for Discrete Mathematics, University of Bonn (1999)
Cook, W.J., Cunningham, W.H., Pulleyblank, W.R., Schrijver, A.: The Travelling Salesman Problem. In: Combinatorial Optimization, pp. 241–271. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester (1998)
Applegate, D., Cook, W., Rohe, A.: Chained lin-kernighan for large travelling salesman problems (2000), http://www.citeseer.nj.nec.com/applegate99chained.html
Tsplib, a library of sample instances for the tsp (and related problems) from various sources and of various types (2002), http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/groups/comopt/software/TSPLIB95/
Freisleben, B., Merz, P.: New genetic local search operators for the travelling salesman problem. In: Ebeling, W., Rechenberg, I., Voigt, H.-M., Schwefel, H.-P. (eds.) PPSN 1996. LNCS, vol. 1141, pp. 890–899. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Tamaki, H., Kita, H., Shimizu, N., Maekawa, K., Nishikawa, Y.: A comparison study of genetic codings for the travelling salesman problem. In: Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computing (ICEC 1994). IEEE, Los Alamitos (1994)
Homaifar, A., Guan, S., Liepins, G.E.: A new approach on the travelling salesman problem by genetic algorithms. In: Forrest, S. (ed.) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 460–466. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1993)
Thangiah, S.R.: A hybrid genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and tabu search heuristic for vehicle routing problems with time windows. Practical Handbook of Genetic Algorithms, Complex Coding Systems III, 347–381 (1999)
Blanton, J.L., Wainright, R.L.: Multiple vehicle routing with time and capacity constraints using genetic algorithms. In: Forrest, S. (ed.) Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 452–459. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1993)
Thangiah, S.R., Vinayaamoorthy, R., Gubbi, A.V.: Vehicle routing with time deadlines using genetic and local algorithms. In: Forrest, S. (ed.) Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp. 506–515. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1993)
Green, J.M., Barlow, T.J.: Traffic management and air quality: realistic driving cycles for traffic management schemes. Technical Report TRL Report TRL596 (2004)
Akcelik, R., Biggs, D.C.: A discussion on the paper on fuel consumption modeling by post et al. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 19, 529–533 (1985)
Act on co2 calculator: Data, methodology and assumptions paper. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2008)
Barlow, T.J., Hickman, A.J., Boulter, P.: Exhaust emission factors 2001: database and emission factors. Technical Report PR/SE/230/00, Transport and Road Research Laboritory, Crowthrone, UK (2001)
Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Results from the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI), http://www.naei.org.uk/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Urquhart, N., Scott, C., Hart, E. (2010). Using an Evolutionary Algorithm to Discover Low CO2 Tours within a Travelling Salesman Problem. In: Di Chio, C., et al. Applications of Evolutionary Computation. EvoApplications 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6025. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12242-2_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12242-2_43
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-12241-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-12242-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)