Abstract
Requirements engineers gain insights and make improvements on their requirements specifications, as they are applied in natural contexts. Software artifacts are particularly useful requirements instantiations because feedback can be obtained directly from software. Software talks to its designers about its requirements.
We illustrate requirements feedback with a case study in assistive technology (AT). A specialized emailing system was designed for cognitively impaired patients in an effort to decrease their social isolation, which often occurs after a brain injury. The patients continue to expand their email system usage, which is remarkable for AT. We attribute this unusual success to the feedback obtained directly from the software, through monitoring user goal models. Such monitoring has allowed the developers to understand and evolve their software to meet the changing user needs. It illustrates how an operational artifact, like software, can drive design evolution.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Fickas, S., Robinson, W., Sohlberg, M.: The Role of Deferred Requirements: A Case Study. In: International Conference on Requirements Engineering (RE 2005). IEEE, Paris (2005)
Sohlberg, M.M., Ehlhardt, L.A., Fickas, S., Sutcliffe, A.: A pilot study exploring electronic mail in users with acquired cognitive-linguistic impairments. Brain Injury 17, 609–629 (2003)
Sohlberg, M.M., Fickas, S., Ehlhardt, L., Todis, B.: The longitudinal effects of accessible email for individuals with severe cognitive impairments. Aphasiology 19, 651–681 (2005)
Sutcliffe, A., Fickas, S., Sohlberg, M.M., Ehlhardt, L.A.: Investigating the usability of assistive user interfaces. Interacting with Computers 15, 577–602 (2003)
Todis, B., Sohlberg, M.M., Hood, D., Fickas, S.: Making electronic mail accessible: Perspectives of people with acquired cognitive impairments, caregivers and professionals. Brain Injury 19, 389–402 (2005)
Simon, H.: The Sciences of the Artificial. MIT Press, Cambridge (1996)
Newell, A., Simon, H.A.: Human problem solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood cliffs (1972)
Jackson, M.J.: Software requirements & specifications: a lexicon of practice, principles, and prejudices. ACM Press, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., New York (1995)
Zave, P., Jackson, M.: Four Dark Corners of Requirements Engineering. Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, ACM 6, 1–30 (1997)
Jureta, I.J., Mylopoulos, J., Faulkner, S.: Revisiting the Core Ontology and Problem in Requirements Engineering. In: 16th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering. IEEE, Barcelona (2008)
Simari, G.R., Loui, R.P.: A Mathematical Treatment of Defeasible Reasoning and its Implementation. Artificial Intelligence 53, 125–157 (1992)
Swartout, W., Balzer, R.: On the inevitable intertwining of specification and implementation. CACM 25, 438–440 (1982)
Schon, D.: From Technical Rationality to reflection-in-action. Supporting Lifelong Learning (2002)
Lehman, M.M.: Software Evolution. Encyclopedia of Software Engineering 2, 1507–1513 (2002)
Sutcliffe, A., Fickas, S., Sohlberg, M.M.: Personal and Contextual Requirements Engineering. In: 13th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering, 2005. Proceedings, pp. 19–30 (2005)
Fickas, S.: Clinical requirements engineering. In: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Software engineering, pp. 28–34 (2005)
Nicholas, G.C.: IT doesn’t matter. Harvard Business Review 81, 41 (2003)
Cross, N.: Designerly Ways of Knowing: Design Discipline Versus Design Science. Design Issues 17, 49–55 (2001)
Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Gengler, C.E., Rossi, M., Hui, W., Virtanen, V., Bragge, J.: The Design Science Research Process: A Model for Producing and Presenting Information Systems Research. In: First International Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology, Claremont, CA, pp. 83–106. Claremont Graduate University (2006)
Alliance, F.C.: Incidence and Prevalence of the Major Causes of Brain Impairment (2001)
Sohlberg, M.M., Mateer, C.A.: Cognitive rehabilitation: An integrated neuropsychological approach. Guilford Publication, New York (2001)
Sohlberg, M.M., Ehlhardt, L., Fickas, S., Todis, B.: CORE: Comprehensive Overview of Requisite E-mail Skills. University of Oregon, Department of Computer and Information Science, Eugene, OR (2002)
Avison, D.E., Wood-Harper, A.T.: Multiview: An Exploration in Information Systems Development. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Malden (1990)
Fickas, S., Helm, R.: Knowledge representation and reasoning in the design of composite systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 18, 470–482 (1992)
LoPresti, E.F., Mihailidis, A., Kirsch, N.: Assistive technology for cognitive rehabilitation: State of the art. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation (in press)
Wright, P., Rogers, N., Hall, C., Wilson, B., Evans, J., Emslie, H., Bartram, C.: Comparison of pocket-computer memory aids for people with brain injury. Brain Injury 15, 787–800 (2001)
Wilson, B.A., Emslie, H.C., Quirk, K., Evans, J.J.: Reducing everyday memory and planning problems by means of a paging system: a randomised control crossover study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 70, 477–482 (2001)
Hilbert, D.M., Redmiles, D.F.: Extracting Usability Information from User Interface Events. ACM Computing Surveys 32, 384–421 (2000)
Dardenne, A., van Lamsweerde, A., Fickas, S.: Goal-Directed Requirements Acquisition. Science of Computing Programming 20, 3–50 (1993)
Robinson, W.N., Purao, S.: Specifying and Monitoring Interactions and Commitments in Open Business Processes. IEEE Software (2008) (accepted for publication)
Robinson, W.N.: Extended OCL for goal monitoring. Electronic Communications of the EASST 9, 1–12 (2008)
Robinson, W.N.: A requirements monitoring framework for enterprise systems. Requirements Engineering Journal 11, 17–41 (2006)
Robinson, W.N.: Implementing Rule-based Monitors within a Framework for Continuous Requirements Monitoring, best paper nominee. In: Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences (HICSS 2005). IEEE, Big Island (2005)
Robinson, W.N.: Monitoring Web Service Requirements. In: 11th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering, pp. 65–74. IEEE Computer Society, Monterey Bay (2003)
Dwyer, M.B., Avrunin, G.S., Corbett, J.C.: Patterns in property specifications for finite-state verification. In: Twenty-First International Conference on Software Engineering, Los Angeles, pp. 411–420 (1999)
Kitchenham, B., Pickard, L., Pfleeger, S.L.: Case Studies for Method and Tool Evaluation. IEEE Softw. 12, 52–62 (1995)
Yin, R.K.: Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Robinson, W.N., Fickas, S. (2009). Designs Can Talk: A Case of Feedback for Design Evolution in Assistive Technology. In: Lyytinen, K., Loucopoulos, P., Mylopoulos, J., Robinson, B. (eds) Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, vol 14. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-92965-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-92966-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)