Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDS)

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Visual Display Technology

Abstract

Organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology has experienced substantial progress in the last couple of decades and is emerging as a strong flat panel display technology with new products ranging from mobile displays to small-size TVs introduced into the marketplace every year. After a brief review of the history and an introduction of basic device structures, this chapter will explain how OLEDs work by diving into the three key electroluminescent process steps: charge injection, charge transport, and charge recombination and light emission. This is followed by discussions on device fabrication and operation which cover topics such as degradation and light extraction. This chapter will end with a brief discussion on the future directions in the OLED research and development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 899.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

ETL:

Electron Transport Layer

HOMO:

Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital

HTL:

Hole Transport Layer

IQE:

Internal Quantum Efficiency

LUMO:

Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital

OLED:

Organic Light Emitting Diode

OVPD:

Organic Vapor Phase Deposition

PHOLED:

Phosphorescent OLED

SMOLED:

Small Molecule OLED

VTE:

Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

References

  1. Bernanose A, Comte M, Vouaux P (1953) A new method of emission of light by certain organic compounds. J Chem Phys 50:64–68

    Google Scholar 

  2. Pope M, Kallmann HP, Magnante P (1963) Electroluminescence in organic crystals. J Chem Phys 38:2042–2043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Vincett PS, Barlow WA, Hann RA, Roberts GG (1982) Electrical conduction and low voltage blue electroluminescence in vacuum-deposited organic films. Thin Solid Films 94:171–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tang CW, VanSlyke SA (1987) Organic electroluminescent diodes. Appl Phys Lett 51(12):913

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tang CW, VanSlyke SA, Chen CH (1989) Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films. J Appl Phys 65(9):3610–3616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Burroughes JH, Bradley DDC, Brown AR, Marks RN, Mackay K, Friend RH, Burn PL, Holmes AB (1990) Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers. Nature 347:539–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Baldo MA, O’Brien DF, You Y, Shoustikov A, Sibley S, Thompson ME, Forrest SR (1998) High efficiency phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices. Nature 395:151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Greenham NC, Friend RH (1995) Semiconductor device physics of conjugated polymers. In: Ehrenreich H, Spaepen F (eds) Solid state physics. Academic, San Diego, pp 1–149

    Google Scholar 

  9. Friend RH (2001) Conjugated polymer: new materials for optoelectronic devices. Pure Appl Chem 73:425–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Akcelrud L (2003) Electroluminescent polymers. Prog Polym Sci 28:875–962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Brown AR, Bradley DDC, Burroughes JH, Friend RH, Greenham NC, Burn PL, Holmes AB, Kraft A (1992) Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) lightemitting diodes: Enhanced electroluminescent efficiency through charge carrier confinement. Appl Phys Lett 61:2793–2795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Shinar J (ed) (2004) Organic light emitting devices. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mason MG, Tang CW, Hung LS, Raychaudhuri P, Madathil J, Giesen DJ, Yan L, Le QT, Gao Y, Lee ST, Liao LS, Cheng LF, Salaneck WR, dos Santos DA, Bredas JL (2001) Interfacial chemistry of Alq3 and LiF with reactive metals. J Appl Phys 89:2756–2765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Vanslyke SA, Chen CH, Tang CW (1996) Organic electroluminescent devices with improved stability. Appl Phys Lett 69:2160–2162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kepler RG, Beeson PM, Jacobs SJ, Anderson RA, Sinclair MB, Valencia VS, Cahill PA (1995) Electron and hole mobility in tris(8-hydroxyquinolinolato-N1, O8) aluminum. Appl Phys Lett 66:3618–3620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Turro NJ (1978) Modern molecular photochemistry. University Press, Menlo Park

    Google Scholar 

  17. Thomas T, Okada S, Chen J, Furugori M (2003) Improved host material design for phosphorescent guest-hot systems. Thin Solid Films 436:264–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Xia S, Cheon K-O, Brooks JJ, Rothman M, Ngo T, Hett P, Kwong RC, Inbasekaran M, Brown JJ, Sonoyama T, Ito M, Seki S, Miyashita S (2009) Printable phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. J SID 17(2):167

    Google Scholar 

  19. Liew Y-F, Aziz H, Hu N-X, Chan HS-O XuG, Popovic Z (2000) Investigation of the sites of dark spots in organic light emitting devices. Appl Phys Lett 77:2650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hack M, Chwang A, Tung Y-J, Hewitt R, Brown J, Lu JP, Shih C, Ho J, Street RA, Moro L, Chu X, Krajewski T, Rutherford N, Visser R (2005) Status and opportunities for high efficiency OLED displays on flexible substrates. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 870E:H3.1.1

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gu G, Garbuzov DZ, Burrows PE, Venkatesh S, Forrest SR, Thompson ME (1997) High-external-quantum-efficiency organic light-emitting devices. Opt Lett 22:396–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yamasaki T, Sumioka K, Tsutsui T (2000) Organic light-emitting device with an ordered monolayer of silica microspheres as a scattering medium. Appl Phys Lett 76:1243–1245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tsutsui T, Yahiro M, Yokogawa H, Kawano K, Yokoyama M (2001) Doubling coupling-out efficiency in organic light-emitting devices using a thin silica aerogel layer. Adv Mater 13:1149–1152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Möller S, Forrest SR (2002) Improved light out-coupling in organic light emitting diodes employing ordered microlens arrays. J Appl Phys 91:3324–3327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Song YW, Hwang KH, Yoon SG, Ha JH, Kim KN, Lee JH, Kim SC (2010) LTPS-based transparent AM OLED. SID 10 Digest, p 144

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ma R, Hack M, Brown JJ (2010) Flexible AMOLEDs for low-power, rugged applications. Inf Display 26(2):8

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universal Display Corporation, Ewing, NJ, USA

    Ruiqing Ma

Authors
  1. Ruiqing Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruiqing Ma .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan

    Janglin Chen

  2. Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Wayne Cranton

  3. Veritas et Visus, Texas, USA

    Mark Fihn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Ma, R. (2012). Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDS). In: Chen, J., Cranton, W., Fihn, M. (eds) Handbook of Visual Display Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79567-4_79

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation