Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Special Features of Galactic Dynamics

  • Chapter
Book cover Topics in Gravitational Dynamics

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Physics ((LNP,volume 729))

Abstract

This is an introductory article to some basic notions and currently open problems of galactic dynamics. The focus is on topics mostly relevant to the so-called ‘new methods’ of celestial mechanics or Hamiltonian dynamics, as applied to the ellipsoidal components of galaxies, i.e., to the elliptical galaxies and to the dark halos and bulges of disk galaxies. Traditional topics such as Jeans theorem, the role of a ‘third integral’ of motion, Nekhoroshev theory, violent relaxation, and the statistical mechanics of collisionless stellar systems are ?rst discussed. The emphasis is on modern extrapolations of these old topics. Recent results from orbital and global dynamical studies of galaxies are then shortly reviewed. The role of various families of orbits in supporting self-consistency, as well as the role of chaos in galaxies, are stressed. A description is then given of the main numerical techniques of integration of the N-body problem in the framework of stellar dynamics and of the results obtained via N-Body experiments. A ?nal topic is the secular evolution and selforganization of galactic systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aarseth, S. and Binney, J., 1978. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 185, 227.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Aarseth, S. J.: Direct methods for N-Body Simulations, Lect. Notes Phys. 433, 275–312. Springer-Verlag, New York (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Aguilar, L. and Merritt, D., 1990. Astrophys. J. 354, 33.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmad, A. and Cohen, L., 1973. J. Comput. Phys. 12, 389.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Allen, A., Palmer, P., and Papaloizou, J., 1990. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 242, 576.

    MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Allen, A., Palmer, P., and Papaloizou, J., 1992. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 256, 695.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Antonov, V., 1960. Sov. Astron. 4, 859.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Aoki, S. and Iye, M., 1978. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 30, 519.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Arad, I. and Johansson, P., 2005. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362, 252.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Arad, I. and Lynden-Bell, D., 2005. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 361, 385.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Arnold, V., 1963. Russ. Math. Surv. 18, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Arnold, V., 1964. Sov. Math. Dokl. 5, 581.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Arnold, V., 1978. Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics, Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., Lambert, J., and Makino, J., 1998. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 293, 369.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Athanassoula, E. and Sellwood, J., 1986. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 221, 213.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Barnes, J., 1988. Astrophys. J. 331, 699.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Barnes, J., 1992. Astrophys. J. 393, 484.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Barnes, J., Goodman, J., and Hut, P., 1986. Astrophys. J. 300, 112.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Barnes, J. and Hut, P., 1986. Nature 324, 446.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bazzani, A. and Marmi, S., 1991. Nuovo Cimento B 106, 673.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Becciani, U. and Antonuccio-Delogu, V., 2001. Comput. Phys. Commun. 136, 54.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Belmonte, C., Boccaletti, D., and Pucacco, G., 2006. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Benettin, G., Galgani, L., and Giorgilli, A., 1985. Celest. Mech. 37, 2.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  24. Berry, M., 1978. AIP Conf. Proc. 46, 16.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bertin, G., 2000. Dynamics of Galaxies, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Bertin, G. and Trenti, M., 2004. AIP Conf. Proc. 703, 318.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bertola, F. and Capaccioli, M., 1975. Astrophys. J. 338, 723.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Binney, J., 1976. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 177, 19.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Binney, J., 1978. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 183, 501.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Binney, J., 1982. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 201, 15.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Binney, J., 1982. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 200, 951.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Binney, J. and Spergel, D., 1982. Astrophys. J. 252, 308.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Binney, J. and Tremaine, S., 1987. Galactic Dynamics, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Birkhoff, G., 1927. Dynamical Systems, Am. Math. Soc., Providence, RI.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bishop, J. L., 1987. Astrophys. J. 322, 618.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  36. Boccaletti, D. and Pucacco, G., 1996. Theory of Orbits, Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bode, P. and Ostriker, P., 2003. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 145, 1.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bouchet, F. and Hernquist, L., 1988. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 68, 521.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Burkert, A., 1990. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 247, 152.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Burkert, A. and Naab, T.: Major Mergers and the Origin of Elliptica Galaxies, Lect. Notes Phys. 626, 327. Springer, Heidelberg (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Canizzo, J. and Hollister, T., 1992. Astrophys. J. 400, 58.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cappellari, M., Verolme, E., van der Marel, R., Verdoes Kleijn, G., Illingworth, G., Franx, M., Carollo, C., and de Zeeuw, T., 2002. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 578, 787.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Carpintero, D. and Muzzio, J., 1995. Astrophys. J. 440, 5.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chandrasekhar, S., 1942. Principles of Stellar Dynamics, Chicago University Press, Chicago.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Chavanis, P., 1998. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 300, 981.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chavanis, P., 2002. astro-ph/0212205.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Chavanis, P., 2006. Physica A 365, 102.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cherry, T., 1924. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.. 22, 325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Cherry, T., 1924. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 22, 510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Chirikov, B., 1979. Phys. Rep. 52, 263.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  51. Clutton-Brock, M., 1972. Astrophys. Space Sci. 16, 101.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  52. Clutton-Brock, M., 1973. Astrophys. Space Sci. 23, 55.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  53. Contopoulos, G., 1954. Z. Astrophys. 35, 67.

    MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  54. Contopoulos, G., 1960. Z. Astrophys. 49, 273.

    MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  55. Contopoulos, G., 1963. Astron. J. 68, 763.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  56. Contopoulos, G., 1966. The Theory of Orbits in the Solar System and in Stellar Systems, IAU Symp. 25, Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Contopoulos, G., 1966(7). In Hénon, M. and Nahon, F. (eds), Les Nouvelles Méthodes de la Dynamique Stellaire, Bull. Astron., 2e Ser., 2, CNRS, Paris, p. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Contopoulos, G., 1971. Astron. J. 76, 147.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  59. Contopoulos, G., 1983. Astron. Astrophys. 117, 89.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. Contopoulos, G.: Order and Chaos, Lect. Notes Phys. 433, 33–68. Springer, Heidelberg (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Contopoulos, G., 2004. Order and Chaos in Dynamical Astronomy, Springer, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  62. Contopoulos, G., 2004b. Adventures in Order and Chaos, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  63. Contopoulos, G., Efthymiopoulos, C., and Giorgilli, A., 2003. J. Phys. A 36, 8639.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  64. Contopoulos, G., Efthymiopoulos, C., and Voglis, N., 2000. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 78, 243.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  65. Contopoulos, G., Galgani, L., and Giorgilli, A., 1978. Phys. Rev. A 18, 1183.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Contopoulos, G. and Grosbol, P., 1988. Astron. Astrophys. 197, 83.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. Contopoulos, G. and Moutsoulas, M., 1965. Astron. J. 70, 817.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. Contopoulos, G. et al.: Orbits in Barred Galaxies, Lect. Notes Phys. 474, 19. Springer, Heidelberg (1996).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Contopoulos, G., Voglis, N., Efthymiopoulos, C., and Grousouzakou, E., 1995. In Hunter, J. and Wilson, R. (eds), Waves in Astrophysics, N. Y. Acad. Sci. Proc., 773, pp. 145–168.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Contopoulos, G., Voglis, N., and Kalapotharakos, C., 2002. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 83, 191.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  71. Crane, P., Stiavelli, M., King, I., Deharveng, J., Albrecht, R., Barbieri, C., Blades, J., Boksenberg, A., Disney, M., Jakobsen, P., Kamperman, T., Machetto, F., Mackay, C., Paresce, F., Weigelt, G., Baxter, D., Greenfield, P., Jedrzejewski, R., Nota, A., and Sparks, W., 1993. Astron. J. 106, 1371.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cretton, N., de Zeeuw, P. T., van der Marel, R. P., and Rix, H. W., 1999. Astrophys. J.Suppl. Ser. 124, 383.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cretton, N., Rix, H. W., and de Zeeuw, T. P., 2000. Astrophys. J. 536, 319.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Cretton, N. and van den Bosch, F., 1999. Astrophys. J. 514, 704.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cupperman, S., Goldstein, S., and Lecar, M., 1969. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 146, 161.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Curir, A., Diaferio, A., and de Felice, F., 1993. Astrophys. J. 413, 70.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Davies, R., Efstathiou, G., Fall, S., Illingworth, G., and Schechter, P., 1983. Astrophys. J. 266, 41.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. de Vaucouleurs, G., 1948. Ann. d’Astrophys. 11, 247.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. de Vaucouleurs, G. and Capaciolli, M., 1979. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 40, 699.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. de Zeeuw, T., 1985. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 216, 279.

    Google Scholar 

  81. de Zeeuw, T. and Lynden-Bell, D., 1985. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 215, 713.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. de Zeeuw, T. and Merritt, D., 1983. Astrophys. J. 267, 571.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  83. Dehnen, W., 1993. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 265, 250.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Dehnen, W., 2000. Astrophys. J. 536, L39.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Dehnen, W. and Gerhard, O., 1993. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 261, 311.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. Dejonghe, H., 1987. Astrophys. J. 320, 477.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Dejonghe, H. and de Bruyne, V.: Dynamics of Galaxies: From Observations to Distribution Functions, Lect. Notes Phys. 626, 243. Springer, Heidelberg (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Dejonghe, H., de Bruyne, V., Vauterin, P., and Zeilinger, W., 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 306, 363.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dejonghe, H. and Merritt, D., 1988. Astrophys. J. 328, 93.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Deprit, A., 1969. Celest. Mech. 1, 12.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  91. Dubinski, J., 1996. New Astron. 1, 133.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. Dubinski, J. and Calberg, R., 1991. Astrophys. J. 378, 496.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. Dumas, H. S. and Laskar, J., 1993. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2975.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. Earn, D., 1996. Astrophys. J. 465, 91.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Eddington, A., 1915. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 76, 37.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Eddington, A., 1916. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 76, 572.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. Efthymiopoulos, C., 1999. PhD Thesis, University of Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Efthymiopoulos, C., 2005. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 92, 29.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  99. Efthymiopoulos, C., Contopoulos, G., and Giorgilli, A., 2004. J. Phys. A 37, 10831.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  100. Efthymiopoulos, C., Contopoulos, G., Voglis, N., and Dvorak, R., 1997. J. Phys. A 30, 8167.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  101. Efthymiopoulos, C. and Sandor, Z., 2005. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 364, 253.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. Efthymiopoulos, C. and Voglis, N., 2001. Astron. Astrophys. 378, 679.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. Eggen, O., Lynden-Bell, D., and Sandage, A., 1962. Astrophys. J. 136, 748.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. Faber, S. M., Tremaine, S., Ajhar, E. A., Byun, Y., Dressler, A., Gebhardt, K., Grillmair, C., Kormendy, J., Lauer, T. R., and Richstone, D., 1997. Astron. J. 114, 1771.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fassò, F., Guzzo, M., and Benettin, G., 1998. Commun. Math. Phys. 197, 347.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ferrarese, L., van den Bosch, F., Ford, H., Jaffe, W., and O’Connell, R., 1994. Astron. J. 108, 1598.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. Filmore, J. and Goldreich, P., 1984. Astrophys. J. 281, 1.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  108. Fridman, A. and Polyachenko, V., 1984. Physics of Gravitating Systems, Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Fridman, T. and Merritt, D., 1997. Astron. J. 114, 1479.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. Froeschlé, C., Guzzo, M., and Lega, E., 2000. Science 5487, 2108.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. Froeschlé, C. and Scheidecker, J., 1973. Astron. Space Sci. 25, 373.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. Fukushige, T., Ito, T., Ebisuzaki, J. M. T., Sugimoto, D., and Umemura, M., 1991. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 43, 841.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. Gebhardt, K., Lauer, T., Kormendy, J., Pinkney, J., Bower, G., Green, R., Gull, T., Hutchings, J., Kaiser, M., Nelson, C., Richstone, D., and Weistrop, D., 2001. Astrophys. J. 122, 2469.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. Gebhardt, K., Richstone, D., Ajhar, E. A., Lauer, T. R., Byun, Y., Kormendy, J., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Grillmair, C., and Tremaine, S., 1996. Astron. J. 112, 105.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. Gebhardt, K., Richstone, D., Kormendy, J., Lauer, T. R., Ajhar, E. A., Bender, R., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Grillmair, C., Magorrian, J., and Tremaine, S., 2000. Astron. J. 119, 1157.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. Gerhard, O., 1981. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 197, 179.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. Gerhard, O. and Saha, P., 1991. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 251, 449.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. Gerhard, O. E. and Binney, J., 1985. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 216, 467.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. Giordano, C. and Cincotta, P., 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 423, 745.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. Giorgilli, A., 1979. Comput. Phys. Commun. 16, 331.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. Giorgilli, A., 1988. Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré 48, 423.

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  122. Giorgilli, A., 2002. Notes on Exponential Stability of Hamiltonian Systems, Centro di Ricerca Matematica Ennio de Giorgi, Pisa.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Giorgilli, A. and Galgani, L., 1978. Celest. Mech. 17, 267.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  124. Giorgilli, A. and Skokos, C., 1997. Astron. Astrophys. 317, 254.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  125. Goldstein, H., 1980. Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Series in Physics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Goldstein, S., Cupperman, S., and Lecar, M., 1969. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 143, 209.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. Goodman, J. and Schwarzschild, M., 1981. Astrophys. J. 245, 1087.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. Gott, J., 1973. Astrophys. J. 186, 481.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  129. Gott, J., 1975. Astrophys. J. 201, 296.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. Gurzandyan, V. and Savvidy, G., 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 160, 203.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  131. Gustavson, F., 1966. Astron. Astrophys. 71, 670.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  132. Guzzo, M., Fassó, F., and Benettin, G., 1998. Math. Phys. Electronic 4, paper 1.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Guzzo, M., Lega, E., and Froeschlé, C., 2002. Physica D 163, 1.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  134. Guzzo, M., Lega, E., and Froeschlé, C., 2005. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 5, 687.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  135. Hagihara, Y., 1970. Celsetial Mechanics, MIT Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Hénon, M., 1959. Ann. d’Astrophys. 22, 126.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. Hénon, M., 1964. Ann. d’Astrophys. 27, 83.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. Hénon, M., 1973. Astron. Astrophys. 24, 229.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. Hénon, M. and Heiles, C., 1964. Astron. Astrophys. 69, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Henriksen, R. and Widrow, L., 1997. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3426.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. Henriksen, R. and Widrow, L., 1999. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 302, 321.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. Hernquist, L., 1992. Astrophys. J. 400, 460.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  143. Hernquist, L. and Ostriker, J., 1992. Astrophys. J. 386, 375.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. Herquist, L., 1987. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 64, 715.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hjorth, J. and Madsen, J., 1991. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 253, 703.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  146. Hoffman, Y., Shlosman, Y., and Shavin, G., 1979. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 189, 737.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  147. Hohl, F., 1971. Astrophys. J. 168, 343.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. Holley-Bockelmann, K., Mihos, J. C., Sigurdsson, S., and Hernquist, L., 2001. Astrophys. J. 549, 862.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. Holley-Bockelmann, K., Mihos, J. C., Sigurdsson, S., Hernquist, L., and Norman, C., 2002. Astrophys. J. 567, 817.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hori, G., 1966. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 18, 287.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  151. Illingworth, G., 1977. Astrophys. J. 218, 43.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  152. Ipser, J., 1974. Astrophys. J. 193, 463.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. Ipser, J. and Horwitz, G., 1979. Astrophys. J. 232, 863.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  154. Jeans, J., 1915. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 76, 70.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  155. Jesseit, R., Naab, T., and Burkert, A., 2005. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 360, 1185.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  156. Kalapotharakos, C., 2005. PhD Thesis, University of Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Kalapotharakos, C. and Voglis, N., 2005. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 92, 157.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  158. Kalapotharakos, C., Voglis, N., and Contopoulos, G., 2004. Astron. Astrophys. 428, 905.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  159. Kalnajs, A., 1976. Astrophys. J. 205, 745.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  160. Kaluza, M. and Robnik, M., 1992. J. Phys. A 25, 5311.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  161. Kandrup, H., 1987. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 225, 995.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. Kandrup, H., 1998. Astrophys. J. 500, 120.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. Kandrup, H.: Chaos and Chaotic Phase Mixing in Galaxy Evolution and Charged Particle Beams, Lect. Notes Phys. 626, 154. Springer, Heidelberg (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  164. Kandrup, H. and Mahon, M., 1994. Astron. Astrophys. 290, 762.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  165. Kandrup, H. and Sideris, I., 2002. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 82, 61.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  166. Kandrup, H., Vass, I., and Sideris, I., 2003. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 341, 927.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. Kandrup, H. E. and Siopis, C., 2003. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 345, 727.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. Karney, C., 1983. Physica D 8, 360.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  169. Katz, N., 1991. Astrophys. J. 368, 325.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. Kaufmann, D. E. and Contopoulos, G., 1996. Astron. Astrophys. 309, 381.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kent, S. and de Zeeuw, T., 1991. Astron. J. 102, 1994.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. King, I., 1962. Astron. J. 67, 471.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  173. Kolmogorov, A., 1954. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 98, 527.

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  174. Kormendy, J., Bender, R., Evanst, A. S., and Richstone, D., 1998. Astron. J. 115, 1823.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. Kormendy, J., Bender, R., Magorrian, J., Tremaine, S.,Gebhardt, K., Richstone, D., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Grillmair, C., and Lauer, T. R., 1997. Astrophys. J. Lett. 482, 139.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. Kormendy, J. and Richstone, D., 1995. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33, 581.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  177. Kravtsov, A., Klypin, A., and Khokhlov, A., 1997. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 73, 94.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Kull, A., Treumann, R., and Böhringer, H., 1997. Astrophys. J. 484, 58.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  179. Kuzmin, G., 1956. Astron. Zh. 33, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Laskar, J., 1990. Icarus 88, 266.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  181. Laskar, J., 1993. Physica D 67, 257.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  182. Laskar, J., 1993. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 56, 191.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  183. Laskar, J., 1999. In Simó, C. (ed.), HamiltonianSystems with Three or More Degrees of Freedom, NATO ASI Series,C:533, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p. 134.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Laskar, J., 2003. math/0305364

    Google Scholar 

  185. Laskar, J., Froeschle, C., and Celletti, A., 1992.Physica D 56, 253.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  186. Lauer, T., Ajhar, E., Byun, Y., Dressler, A., Faber, S.,Grillmair, C., Kormendy, J., Richstone, D., and Tremaine, S., 1995.Astron. J. 110, 2622.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  187. Lecar, M. and Cohen, L., 1972. In Lecar, M. (ed.),Gravitational N-Body Problem, Reidel, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Lega, E., Guzzo, M., and Froeschlé, C., 2003.Physica $D$ 182, 179.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Levison, H. and Richstone, D., 1987. Astrophys. J. 314, 476.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  190. Lochak, P., 1992. Russ. Math. Surv. 47, 57.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  191. Londrillo, P., Messina, A., and Stiavelli, M., 1991.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 250, 54.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  192. Louis, P. and Gerhard, O., 1988. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 233, 337.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  193. Lucy, B., 1974. Astron. J. 79, 745.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  194. Lynden-Bell, D., 1962. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 124, 1.

    MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  195. Lynden-Bell, D., 1962. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 124, 95.

    MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  196. Lynden-Bell, D., 1967. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 136, 101.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  197. Lynden-Bell, D., 1969. Nature 223, 669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Lynden-Bell, D., 1979. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 187, 101.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  199. Lynden-Bell, D. and Wood, R., 1968. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 138, 495.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  200. Madsen, J., 1987. Astrophys. J. 316, 497.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  201. Magorrian, J., Tremaine, S., Richstone, D., Bender, R., Bower,G., Dressler, A., Faber, S. M., Gebhardt, K., Green, R., Grillmair,C., Kormendy, J., and Lauer, T., 1998. Astron. J. 115, 2285.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  202. Makino, J. and Funato, Y., 1993. Publ. Astron. Soc.Jpn 45, 279.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  203. Makino, J., Taiji, M., Ebisuzaki, T., and Sugimoto, D., 1997.Astrophys. J. 480, 432.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  204. Mathur, S., 1988. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 231, 367.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  205. Matthias, M. and Gerhard, O., 1999. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 310, 879.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  206. May, A. and van Albada, T., 1984. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 209, 15.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  207. McGill, C. and Binney, J., 1990. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 244, 634.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  208. McGlynn, T., 1984. Astrophys. J. 281, 13.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  209. McMillan, S. and Aarseth, S., 1993. Astrophys. J. 414, 200.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  210. Merrall, T. and Henriksen, R., 2003. Astrophys. J. 595, 43.

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  211. Merritt, D., 1985. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 214, 25P.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  212. Merritt, D., 1996. Science 271, 337.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  213. Merritt, D., 1999. Proc. Astr. Soc. Pac. 111(756), 129.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  214. Merritt, D., 2005. In Buchler, J., Gottesman, S., and Mahon, M.(eds), Nonlinear Dynamics in Astronomy and Physics, N. Y.Acad. Sci. Proc.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Merritt, D., 2006. Rep. Prog. Phys. 69, 2513.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  216. Merritt, D. and Aguilar, L., 1985. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 217, 787.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  217. Merritt, D. and Fridman, T., 1996. Astrophys. J. 460, 136.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  218. Merritt, D. and Quinlan, D., 1998. Astrophys. J. 498, 625.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  219. Merritt, D. and Sellwood, J., 1994. Astrophys. J. 425, 551.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  220. Merritt, D., Tremaine, S., and Johnstone, D., 1989.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 236, 829.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  221. Merritt, D. and Valluri, M., 1996. Astrophys. J. 471, 82.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  222. Merritt, D. and Valluri, M., 1999. Astron. J. 118, 1177.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  223. Michie, R., 1963. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 125, 127.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  224. Milani, A. and Nobili, A., 1985. Astron. Astrophys.144, 261.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  225. Milani, A. and Nobili, A., 1992. Nature 357,569.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  226. Miller, R. and Smith, B., 1994. Celest. Mech. Dyn.Astron. 59, 161.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  227. Mineau, P., Feix, M., and Rouet, J., 1990. Astron.Astrophys. 228, 344.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  228. Miocchi, P. and Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R., 2002. Astron.Astrophys. 382, 758.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  229. Morbidelli, A. and Guzzo, M., 1997. Celest. Mech. Dyn.Astron. 65, 107.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  230. Moser, J., 1962. Nachr. Akad, Wiss. Gottingen II Math.Phys. 1, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Muzzio, J. C., Carpintero, D. D., and Wachlin, F. C., 2005.Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Naab, T., Burkert, A., and Hernquist, L., 1999.Astrophys. J. Lett. 523, 133.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  233. Nakamura, T., 2000. Astrophys. J. 531, 739.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  234. Natarajan, P., Hjorth, J., and van Kampen, E., 1997.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 286, 329.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  235. Negroponte, J. and White, S., 1983. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 205, 1009.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  236. Nekhoroshev, N., 1977. Russ. Math. Surv.32(6), 1.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  237. Newton, A. and Binney, J., 1984. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 210, 711.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  238. Niederman, L., 1998. Nonlinearity 11, 1465.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  239. Ogorodnikov, K., 1965. Dynamics of Stellar Systems,Pergamon Press, New York.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  240. Ostriker, J. and Peebles, P., 1973. Astrophys. J. 186, 467.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  241. Palmer, P., 1995. Instabilities in CollisionlessStellar Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Palmer, P. and Papaloizou, J., 1987. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 224, 1043.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  243. Palmer, P. and Voglis, N., 1983. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 205, 543.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  244. Papaphilippou, Y. and Laskar, J., 1996. Astron.Astrophys. 307, 427.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  245. Papaphilippou, Y. and Laskar, J., 1998. Astron.Astrophys. 329, 451.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  246. Patsis, P. A., Contopoulos, G., and Grosbol, P., 1991.Astron. Astrophys. 243, 373.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  247. Petrou, M., 1983. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 202, 1195.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  248. Pfenniger, D., 1984. Astron. Astrophys. 141,171.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  249. Pfenniger, D., 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 165,74.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  250. Plastino, A. and Plastino, A., 1993. Phys. Lett. A 174, 384.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  251. Polyachenko, V., 1981. Sov. Astron. Lett. 7,79.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  252. Polyachenko, V. and Shukhman, I., 1984. Sov. Astron.25, 533.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  253. Poon, M. Y. and Merritt, D., 2001. Astrophys. J. 549, 192.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  254. Poon, M. Y. and Merritt, D., 2002. Astrophys. J. 568, 89.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  255. Poon, M. Y. and Merritt, D., 2004. Astrophys. J. 606, 774.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  256. Pöshel, J., 1993. Math. Z. 213, 187.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  257. Ratcliff, S., Chang, K., and Schwarzschild, M., 1984.Astrophys. J. 279, 610.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  258. Richstone, D., 1980. Astrophys. J. 238, 103.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  259. Richstone, D., 1982. Astrophys. J. 252, 496.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  260. Richstone, D., 1984. Astrophys. J. 281, 100.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  261. Richstone, D., 1987. In de Zeeuw, T. (ed.), Structureand Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies, Proceedings of the IAUSymposium, 127, Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 261.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Richstone, D. and Tremaine, S., 1984. Astrophys. J. 286, 27.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  263. Rix, H., de Zeeuw, T., van der Marel, N. C. R., and Carollo,M., 1997. Astrophys. J. 488, 702.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  264. Rosenbluth, M., Sagdeev, R., Taylor, J., and Zaslavskii, M.,1966. Nucl. Fusion 6, 217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  265. Salpeter, E. E., 1964. Astrophys. J. 140,796.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  266. Schwarzschild, M., 1979. Astrophys. J. 232,236.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  267. Schwarzschild, M., 1982. Astrophys. J. 263,599.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  268. Schwarzschild, M., 1993. Astrophys. J. 409,563.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  269. Sellwood, J., 1987. Ann. rev. Astron. Astrophys.25, 151.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  270. Sersic, J., 1963. Bolet. de la Asoc. Argentina deAstron. 6, 41.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  271. Sersic, J., 1968. Atlas de galaxias australes,Observatorio Astronomico, Cordoba, Argentina.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Servizi, G., Turchetti, G., Benettin, G., and Giorgilli, A.,1983. Phys. Lett. A 95, 11.

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  273. Severne, G. and Luwel, M., 1986. Astron. Space Sci. 122, 299.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  274. Shu, F., 1978. Astrophys. J. 225, 83.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  275. Shu, F., 1987. Astrophys. J. 316, 502.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  276. Sidlichovsky, M. and Nesvorny, D., 1997. Celest. Mech.Dyn. Astron. 65, 137.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  277. Siegel, C., 1941. Ann. Math. 42, 806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  278. Siopis, C., 1999. PhD Thesis, University of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Siopis, C. and Kandrup, H. E., 2000. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 319, 43.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  280. Skokos, C., 2001. J. Phys. A 34, 10029.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  281. Smith, B. and Miller, R., 1982. Astrophys. J. 257, 103.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  282. Smith, H. and Contopoulos, G., 1995. Astron.Astrophys. 314, 795.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  283. Soker, N., 1996. Astrophys. J. 457, 287.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  284. Spergel, D. and Hernquist, L., 1992. Astrophys. J. 397, 75.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  285. Spitzer, L., 1987. Dynamical Evolution of GlobularClusters, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Spitzer, L. and Hart, M., 1971. Astrophys. J. 164, 399.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  287. Springer, V., Yoshida, N., and White, S., 2000. New Astron. 6, 79.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  288. Sridhar, S., 1987. J. Astrophys. Astron. 8,257.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  289. Stäckel, P., 1890. Mathemat. Ann. 35, 91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  290. Stäckel, P., 1893. Mathemat. Ann. 42,537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  291. Statler, T. S., 1987. Astrophys. J. 321, 113.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  292. Stiavelli, M. and Bertin, G., 1985. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 217, 735.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  293. Stiavelli, M. and Bertin, G., 1987. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 229, 61.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  294. Sugimoto, D., Chikada, Y., Makino, J., Ito, T., Ebisuzaki, T.,and Umemura, M., 1990. Nature 345, 33.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  295. Szebehely, V., 1967. Theory of Orbits, Academic Press,New York.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Takizawa, M. and Inagaki, S., 1997. astroph p. 2002T.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Taruya, A. and Sakagami, M., 2002. Physica A 307, 185.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  298. Taruya, A. and Sakagami, M., 2003. Physica A 318, 387.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  299. Toomre, A., 1964. Astrophys. J. 139, 1217.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  300. Toomre, A., 1966. Geophys. Fluid Dyn. 66-46,111.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Toomre, A. and Toomre, J., 1972. Astrophys. J. 178, 623.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  302. Tremaine, S., 1987. In de Zeeuw, T. (ed.), Structureand Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies, IAU Symposium, 127,Reidel, Dordrecht, p. 367.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Tremaine, S., Hénon, M., and Lynden-Bell, D., 1986.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 219, 285.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  304. Tremaine, S., Richstone, D., Byun, Y., Dressler, A., Faber, S.,Grillmair, C., Kormendy, J., and Lauer, T., 1994. Astron.J. 107, 634.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  305. Trenti, M., Bertin, G., and van Albada, T., 2005.Astron. Astrophys. 433, 57.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  306. Tsallis, C., 1988. J. Stat. Phys. 52, 479.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  307. Udry, S. and Martinet, L., 1994. Astron. Astrophys.281, 314.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  308. Udry, S. and Pfenniger, D., 1988. Astron. Astrophys.198, 135.

    ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  309. Valluri, M. and Merritt, D., 1998. Astrophys. J. 506, 686.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  310. van Albada, T., 1982. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 201, 939.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  311. van Albada, T., 1987. In Structure and Dynamics ofElliptical Galaxies, IAU Symposium, 127, Reidel,Dordrecht, p. 291.

    Google Scholar 

  312. van der Marel, R. P., de Zeeuw, P. T., and Rix, H. W., 1997.Astrophys. J. 488, 119.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  313. van der Marel, R. P. and van den Bosch, F. C., 1998.Astron. J. 116, 2220.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  314. Varvoglis, H. et al.: The “Third” Integral in the Restricted Three-Body Problem Revisited, Lect. Notes Phys. 626, 433–441. Springer,Heidelberg (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  315. Verhulst, F., 1979. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 290, 435.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  316. Verolme, E., Cappellari, M., Copin, Y., van der Marel, R.,Bacon, R., Bureau, M., Davies, R., Miller, B., and de Zeeuw, T.,2002. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 335, 517.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  317. Villumsen, J., 1982. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 199, 493.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  318. Villumsen, J., 1984. Astrophys. J. 284, 75.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  319. Vitturo, H. and Carpintero, D., 2000. Astron.Astrophys. Suppl. 142, 157 .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  320. Voglis, N., 1994. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 267, 379.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  321. Voglis, N.: Galaxy Formation,Lect. Notes Phys. 433, 365. Springer-Verlag, New York,(1994).

    Google Scholar 

  322. Voglis, N., Contopoulos, G., and Efthymiopoulos, C., 1998.Phys. Rev. E 57, 372.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  323. Voglis, N., Contopoulos, G., and Efthymiopoulos, C., 1999.Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 73, 211.

    Article  MATH  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  324. Voglis, N., Hiotelis, N., and Harsoula, M., 1995.Astron. Space Sci. 226, 213.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  325. Voglis, N., Hiotelis, N., and Hoeflich, P., 1991.Astron. Astrophys. 249, 5.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  326. Voglis, N. and Kalapotharakos, C., 2006. In Fridman, A., Marov,M., and Kovalenko, I. (eds), Astrophysical Disks: Collectiveand Stochastic Phenomena, Astrophysics and Space Science Library,337, Springer, Netherlands, p. 157.

    Google Scholar 

  327. Voglis, N., Kalapotharakos, C., and Stavropoulos, I., 2002.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 337, 619.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  328. Voglis, N., Stavropoulos, I., and Kalapotharakos, C., 2006.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.,in press, astro-ph/0606561.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Voglis, N., Tsoutsis, P., and Efthymiopoulos, C., 2006.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.,in press, astro-ph/0607174.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Wachlin, F. C. and Ferraz-Mello, S., 1998. Mon. Not. R.Astron. Soc. 298, 22.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  331. Warren, M. and Salmon, J., 1993. Proc. SuperComput, p.12.

    Google Scholar 

  332. Weinberg, M., 1998. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 297, 101.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  333. Weinberg, M., 1999. Astron. J. 117, 629.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  334. White, S., 1976. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 177, 717.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  335. White, S., 1978. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 189, 831.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  336. White, S. and Narayan, R., 1987. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 229, 103.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  337. Whittaker, E., 1916. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb 37,95.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Wiechen, H., Ziegler, H., and Schindler, K., 1988. Mon.Not. R. Astron. Soc. 232, 623.

    MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  339. Wozniak, H. and Pfenniger, D., 1997. Astron.Astrophys. 317, 14.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  340. Zel’dovich, Y., 1964. Sov. Astron.8, 13.

    ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  341. Zel’dovich, Y., 1970. Astron. Astrophys. 5,89.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Ziegler, H. and Wiechen, H., 1989. Mon. Not. R. Astron.Soc. 238, 1261.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Astronomy and Applied Mathematics, Academy of Athens Soranou Efessiou 4, 115 27 Athens, Greece

    Christos Efthymiopoulos, Nikos Voglis & C. Kalapotharakos

Authors
  1. Christos Efthymiopoulos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nikos Voglis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Kalapotharakos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. OCA - Nice, Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur, 06304 Nice CX 4, France

    Daniel Benest , Claude Froeschle  & Elena Lega ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Efthymiopoulos, C., Voglis, N., Kalapotharakos, C. (2007). Special Features of Galactic Dynamics. In: Benest, D., Froeschle, C., Lega, E. (eds) Topics in Gravitational Dynamics. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 729. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72984-6_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation