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Hypoxia and Matrix Manipulation for Vascular Engineering

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Biophysical Regulation of Vascular Differentiation and Assembly

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

Abstract

The substantial majority of cell types are known to be capable of sensing changes in O2 tension and in the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in various responses depending on the cell type and other factors in the microenvironment, such as cell-cell interactions. A growing body of evidence suggests that hypoxia greatly influences angiogenesis and vasculogenesis through the transcription of numerous genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the major regulatory protein of these processes. At the same time, the spatial and temporal distribution of ECM components affects ECM properties and growth factor (GF) availability, which, in turn, regulates vascular development. This chapter will discuss how hypoxia and the ECM influence vascular morphogenesis. It seeks to provide a better understanding of vascular development by considering recent research and emerging technologies focused on controlling O2 tension and manipulating ECM properties. We will first focus on the influences of O2 tension and ECM composition on neovascularization. Then we present strategies for manipulating the microenvironment using both synthetic and naturally derived biomaterials. Control over O2 in three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments is thoroughly highlighted, along with the currently available O2 measurement techniques and mathematical models that are necessary to monitor O2 gradients in 3D microenvironments. Finally, we discuss the state-of-the-art technology in microfluidics and smart biomaterials to provide insight into future directions of these exciting research areas.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge funding from various agencies that supported our studies throughout the years, primarily the American Heart Association, the Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Michael R. Blatchley & Sharon Gerecht

  2. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences–Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Michael R. Blatchley & Sharon Gerecht

  3. Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Hasan E. Abaci

  4. Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Donny Hanjaya-Putra

  5. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Sharon Gerecht

  6. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Sharon Gerecht

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  1. Michael R. Blatchley
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  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences–Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Sharon Gerecht

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Blatchley, M.R., Abaci, H.E., Hanjaya-Putra, D., Gerecht, S. (2018). Hypoxia and Matrix Manipulation for Vascular Engineering. In: Gerecht, S. (eds) Biophysical Regulation of Vascular Differentiation and Assembly. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99319-5_4

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