Definition
There is a long history of intellectual interest in values that cuts across the disciplinary boundaries in social sciences (Kulich 2009). In the classic definition that has guided much of cross-cultural research, a value is “a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable, which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action” (Kluckhohn 1951, p. 395). Given the scale of socioeconomic changes and the acceleration of globalization and intercultural exchange since that time, an updated definition that adds more dynamic to the concept of values suggests the following: “Values represent a reflexive psychological construct, dependent on how they are constructively framed or contextually elicited. They are operative at multiple levels, from projecting shared meta-values...
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Zhang, R., Kulich, S.J. (2022). Chinese Values. In: Maggino, F. (eds) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_357-2
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