Abstract
The unique properties of nanoscale materials have made nanotechnology the major technology of the twenty-first century. Nanotechnology is now predicted to reach a market value of $3 trillion by 2020. Today, more than 1800 nano-enabled products are available in the consumer market. Nano-products and technologies are used in health and fitness, biomedicine, textiles, agriculture and waste-water treatment. As a consequence this has induced inadvertent release of engineered nanomaterials in the environment, particularly in waters. Engineered nanomaterials can interact with organisms of the food chain at lower and upper trophic levels. In recent years, progress has been made on the assessment of bioaccumulation, and on the trophic transfer of engineered nanomaterials.
Here we review the release and impact of nanomaterials, with focus on aquatic organisms, trophic transfer, biomagnification and policies. The major points are: engineered nanomaterials can move up to three trophic levels of the food chain. Biomagnification of quantum dots, gold nanoparticles and cerium oxide nanoparticles up to two trophic levels show a biomagnification factor greater than 1. Nonetheless, no studies have shown biomagnification at the third trophic level. It has been also observed that accumulation of engineered nanomaterials induces physiological processes of plants, protozoans, crustaceans and fish.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the funding received from Department of Biotechnology under the project NanoToF (grant number BT/PR10414/PFN/20/961/2014), CSIR Network Projects NWP35 and BSC0112 (NanoSHE), India, and the EU-FP7/2007-2013/Grant Agreement 263147 (NanoValid-Development of reference methods for hazard identification, risk assessment and LCA of engineered nanomaterials), Europe. Financial assistance by The Gujarat Institute for Chemical Technology (GICT) for the Establishment of a Facility for environmental risk assessment of chemicals and nanomaterials and Centre for nanotechnology research and applications (CENTRA) is also acknowledged.
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Gupta, G.S., Shanker, R., Dhawan, A., Kumar, A. (2017). Impact of Nanomaterials on the Aquatic Food Chain. In: Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Lichtfouse, E. (eds) Nanoscience in Food and Agriculture 5. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, vol 26. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58496-6_11
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