Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between governmental wellbeing agendas and welfare reforms in New Zealand and The United Kingdom. In both countries, a combination of legislative tools and strategic policy directives are changing how welfare and wellbeing are conceptualised, assessed and supported by government. With the question ‘wellbeing for who?’ at the forefront, this chapter critically discusses the negative impacts of welfare reform on women and the need for gender sensitive and gender-specific evidence on wellbeing. It argues that if wellbeing is consistently being undermined for a particular group of people, and there is insufficient attention to understanding their needs through appropriate methodologies, then this is discriminatory and seriously challenges the political claim of measuring and promoting national wellbeing.
References
APPG. (2014). Wellbeing in Four Policy Areas. All Party Parliamentary Group on Wellbeing Economics. Available at: http://b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/ccdf9782b6d8700f7c_lcm6i2ed7.pdf.
Alexander, C., Duncan, S., & Edwards, R. (2010). Teenage Parenting: What’s the Problem? London: Tufnell Press.
Allin, P., & Hand, J. (2014). The Wellbeing of Nations: Meaning, Motive and Measurement. New York: Wiley.
Bache, I. P. (2013). Measuring Quality of Life for Public Policy: An Idea Whose Time Has Come? Agenda-setting Dynamics in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(1), 21–38.
Bache, I., & Reardon, L. (2016). The Politics and Policy of Wellbeing: Understanding the Rise and Significance of a New Agenda. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Bache, I., Reardon, L., & Anand, P. (2016). Wellbeing as a Wicked Problem: Navigating the Arguments for the Role of Government. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(3), 893–912.
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Stuckler, D., Loopstra, R., Reeves, A., & Whitehead, M. (2016). ‘First, Do No Harm’: Are Disability Assessments Associated with Adverse Trends in Mental Health? A Longitudinal Ecological Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(4), 339–345.
Beatty, C., & Fothergill, S. (2014). The Local and Regional Impact of the UK’s Welfare Reforms. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 7, 63–79.
Bonoli, G. (2005). The Politics of the New Social Policies: Providing Coverage Against New Social Risks in Mature Welfare States. Policy & Politics, 33(3), 431–449.
Bonoli, G. (2007). Time Matters: Post Industrialization, New Social Risks, and Welfare State Adaptation in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 40(5), 495–520.
Bradshaw, P., Jamieson, L., & Wasoff, F. (2008). Growing up in Scotland Study: Use of Informal Support by Families with Young Children. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research. Available at: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2008/03/12110018/3.
Browne, J. (2012). The Impact of Austerity Measures on Households with Children. Institute for Fiscal Studies and Family and Parenting Institute. Available at: http://www.theministryofparenting.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/FPI_IFS_Austerity_Jan_2012.pdf. Accessed February 21, 2017.
Cameron, D. (2010). Prime Minister’s Speech on Wellbeing on November 25, 2010. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-on-wellbeing. Accessed March 15, 2013.
Campbell, M., Thomson, H., Fenton, C., & Gibson, M. (2016). Lone Parents, Health, Wellbeing and Welfare to Work: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. BMC Public Health, 16, 188.
Cater, S., & Coleman, L. (2006). ‘Planned’ Teenage Pregnancy: Views and Experiences of Young People from Poor and Disadvantaged Backgrounds. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/planned-teenage-pregnancy-views-and-experiences-young-people-poor-and-disadvantaged.
Clery, E., Lee, L., & Kunz, S. (2013). Public Attitudes to Poverty and Welfare, 1983–2011. Analysis using British Social Attitudes Data. Joseph Rowntree Foundation and Natcen. Available at: http://www.natcen.ac.uk/media/137637/poverty-and-welfare.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2017.
Dalziel, P., & Saunders, C. (2014). Wellbeing Economics: Future Directions for New Zealand. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.
Dobrowolsky, A., & Jenson, J. (2005). Social Investment Perspectives and Practices: A Decade in British Politics. Social Policy Review, 17, 203–230.
Dwyer, P. (2004). Creeping Conditionality in the UK: From Welfare Rights to Conditional Entitlements. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, 29(2), 265–287.
Dwyer, P., & Wright, S. (2014). Universal Credit, Ubiquitous Conditionality and Its Implications for Social Citizenship. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 22(1), 27–35.
Eckermann, L. (2000). Gendering Indicators of Health and Well-being: Is Quality of Life Gender Neutral? Social Indicators Research, 52, 29–54.
Esping-Andersen, G., Gallie, D., Hemerijck, A., & Myles, J. (2002). Why We Need a New Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1996). After the Golden Age? Welfare State Dilemmas in a Global Economy. In G. Esping-Anderson (Ed.), Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies (pp. 1–31). London: Sage.
Fawcett Society. (2012). The Impact of Austerity on Women. Fawcett Society Policy Briefing. Available at: https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/the-impact-of-austerity-on-women.
Friedli, L., & Stearn, R. (2015). Positive Affect as Coercive Strategy: Conditionality, Activation and the Role of Psychology in UK Government Workfare Programmes. Medical Humanities, 41, 40–47.
Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971). The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Graham, H., & McQuaid, R. (2014). Exploring the Impacts of the UK Government’s Welfare Reforms on Lone Parents Moving into Work: Literature Review. Employment Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University and Stirling University. Available at: http://www.gcph.co.uk/assets/0000/4284/Lone_parents_Literature_Review_web.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2017.
Griggs, J., & Evans, M. (2010). Sanctions within Conditional Benefit Systems: A Review of Benefit Sanctions. Joseph Rowntree Foundation: New York. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/review-benefit-sanctions. Accessed February 27, 2017.
Harding, S. (1991). Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?: Thinking from Women’s Lives. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hawksworth, M. (2009). Policy Discourse as Sanctioned Ignorance: Theorizing the Erasure of Feminist Knowledge. Critical Policy Studies, 3(3–4), 268–289.
Hemerijck, A. (2015). The Quiet Paradigm Revolution of Social Investment. Social Politics, 22(2), 242–256.
Hollingsworth, K. (2015). Judging Children’s Rights and the Benefits Cap: R (SG and others) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 27(4), 445–466.
Holmes‚ P. (2012). Paul Holmes Interviews Paula Rebstock, Scoop, 20 May 2012. Available at: http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1205/S00296/qapaul-holmes-interviews-paula-rebstock.htm. Last accessed July 2, 2017.
House of Commons Library. (2012). How Have Coalition Budgets Affected Women? Available at: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1bKckn9dl_V2j7gPoFCAcbU3Q64iN1TEO6gGIDnypihI/edit?pli=1#gid=0. Accessed July 1, 2015.
Human Potential Centre. (2013). Sovereign Wellbeing Index: New Zealand’s First Measure of Wellbeing. Auckland University of Technology. Available at: http://www.mywellbeing.co.nz/mw/report/sovereign-wellbeing-index-2013-report.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2017.
Humpage, L. (2010). Neoliberal Reform and Attitudes Towards Social Citizenship: A Review of New Zealand Public Opinion Data 1987–2005. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 37, 1–14.
Humpage, L. (2015). Policy Change, Public Attitudes and Social Citizenship: Does Neoliberalism Matter? Bristol: The Policy Press.
Jenson, J. (2009). Lost in Translation: The Social Investment Perspective and Gender Equality. Social Politics, 16(4), 446–483.
Jensen, P., & Pfau-Effinger, B. (2005). ‘Active’ Citizenship: The New Face of Welfare. In J. Andersen, A. Guillemard, P. Jensen & B. Pfau-Effinger (Eds.), The Changing Face of Welfare: Consequences and Outcomes from a Citizenship Perspective. Bristol: The Policy Press.
Karamessini, M., & Rubery, J. (Eds). (2014). Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality. London: Routledge.
Kingfisher, C., & Goldsmith, M. (2001). Reforming Women in the United States and Aotearoa/New Zealand: A Comparative Ethnography of Welfare Reform in Global Context. American Anthropologist, 103(30), 714–732.
Masselot, A. (2015). Gender Implications of the Right to Request Flexible Working Arrangements: Raising Pigs and Children in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 39(3), 59–71.
Mitchell, D. (1992). Welfare States and Welfare Outcomes in the 1980s. International Social Security Review, 45(1–2), 73–90.
National Audit Office. (2016). Benefit Sanctions. Department for Work and Pensions. Available at: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Benefit-sanctions.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2017.
Nelson, J. (1996). Feminism, Objectivity and Economics. London: Routledge.
New Zealand Treasury. (2012). Improving the Living Standards of New Zealanders: Moving from a Framework to Implementation. Available at: http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/media-speeches/speeches/livingstandards/sp-livingstandards-paper.pdf.
O’Brien, M. (2011). Lone Parents Working for Welfare in New Zealand. Local Economy, 27(5–6), 577–592.
O’Brien, M., & Salonen, T. (2011). Child Poverty and Child Rights Meet Active Citizenship: A New Zealand and Sweden Study. Childhood, 18(2), 211–226.
Oman, S. (2015). Measuring National Wellbeing: What Matters to You? What Matters to Whom? In S. White & C. Blackmore (Eds.), Cultures of Wellbeing: Method, Place, Policy. London: Palgrave.
OMSD. (2012). Paper A—Welfare Reform: Overview of Package. New Zealand Government: Office of the Minister for Social Development
Palier, B. (2008). Présentation. In G. Esping-Andersen, B. Palier & M. Groulez (Eds.), Trois Leçons sur l’Etat-providence, 5–17. Paris: Seuil.
Polanyi, K. (2001 [1944]). The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon.
Poverty and Social Exclusion Group. (2016). Women ‘Hit Worst’ by Austerity Measures. Available at: http://www.poverty.ac.uk/report-gender-tax-benefits-government-cuts-government-policy/women-%E2%80%98hit-worst%E2%80%99-austerity-measures.
Robson, S. (2016). The Impact of Austerity Measures on Women’s Voluntary Community Organisations and the Response of the Women’s Sector. Women’s Resource Centre. Available at: http://thewomensresourcecentre.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/State-of-the-womens-sector-survey-reportMay2016-FINAL.pdf.
Rubery, J. (2014). From ‘Women and Recession’ to ‘Women and Austerity’. In M. Karamessini & J. Rubery (Eds.), Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality. Abingdon: Routledge.
Rubery, J., & Rafferty, A. (2014). Gender, Recession and Austerity in the UK. In M. Karamessini & J. Rubery (Eds.), Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality. Abingdon: Routledge.
Scott, B. (2014). Welfare Reform: Its Impact on Women as Mothers and Workers. Thesis, Master of Applied Psychology (MAppPsy). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/8719.
Scott, K. (2015). Happiness on Your Doorstep: Disputing the Boundaries of Wellbeing and Localism. Geographical Journal, 181(2), 129.
Scott, K. (2012). Measuring Wellbeing: Towards Sustainability? Abingdon: Routledge.
Scottish Parliament Welfare Reform Committee. (2015). Women and Social Security. Scottish Parliament Publications. Available at: https://www.scottishwomensconvention.org/content/briefing-papers/Women-and-Welfare.pdf.
Sen, A. (2000). Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny. Office of Environment and Social Development, Asian Development Bank. Social Development Papers #1. Manila: ADB.
Shildrick, T., MacDonald, T., Furlong, A., Roden, J., & Crow, R. (2012). Are ‘Cultures of Worklessness’ Passed Down the Generations? York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available at: https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/are-cultures-worklessness-passed-down-generations.
Stewart, A., & Wright, S. (2014). Conditionality Briefing: Unemployed People. ESRC Centre for Welfare Conditionality: Sanctions, Support and Behaviour Change. Available at: http://www.welfareconditionality.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Briefing_Unemployment_14.09.10_FINAL.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2017.
Tomlinson, M., & Kelly, G. (2013). Is Everybody Happy? The Politics and Measurement of National Wellbeing. Policy & Politics, 41(2), 139–157.
Veit-Wilson, J. (2000). States of Welfare: A Conceptual Challenge. Social Policy & Administration, 34(1), 1–25.
Welfare Working Group. (2011). Reducing Long-Term Benefit Dependency: Recommendations. Available at: https://media.nzherald.co.nz/webcontent/document/pdf/20119/Bluestar%20WWG%20Recommendations%20Report%20180211.pdf.
White, S., & Blackmore, C. (Eds.). (2015). Cultures of Wellbeing: Method, Place, Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wilson, H., & Huntington, A. (2006). Deviant (M)others: The Construction of Teenage Motherhood in Contemporary Discourse. Journal of Social Policy, 35(1), 59–76.
Wintour, P. (2010). George Osborne to Cut £4bn More from Benefits. The Guardian, 9 September. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/sep/09/george-osborne-cut-4bn-benefits-welfare. Accessed February 7, 2017.
Women’s Budget Group (2016). A Cumulative Gender Impact Assessment of Ten Years of Austerity Policies. Available at: http://wbg.org.uk/wp-ontent/uploads/2016/11/De_HenauReed_WBG_GIAtaxben_briefing_2016_03_06-1.pdf.
Acknowledgements
The authors were funded by the Knowledge and Expertise Exchange Europe New Zealand (KEEENZ) under the EU Marie Curie grant scheme, enabling academic collaboration. We are grateful to Dr Carmen Hubbard at Newcastle University for facilitating this exchange. Heartfelt thanks also to Professors Paul Dalziel and Caroline Saunders at Lincoln University NZ and to Professor Bronwyn Hayward at Canterbury University NZ for their hospitality and for many interesting and challenging conversations on wellbeing which fed into this chapter. Thanks also to Professor Ian Bache for his helpful comments on the draft of this chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Scott, K., Masselot, A. (2018). Skivers, Strivers and Thrivers: The Shift from Welfare to Wellbeing in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In: Bache, I., Scott, K. (eds) The Politics of Wellbeing . Wellbeing in Politics and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58394-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58394-5_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58393-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58394-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)