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“Withholding Credit” and Elderly Overindebtedness

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Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development

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Abstract

The chapter presents a study on the impact of withholding credit for the elderly in São Paulo and Porto Alegre (n = 215). To understand this type of credit in the historical and social context, the article analyzes the profound changes in the areas of politics and economics, and the rapid aging process of the Brazilian population. In a second step, the article provides information on the economic and legal situation of the elderly in Brazil. The research data show that the withholding credit allows, on one hand, a regulated access to credit for retirees and pensioners. On the other hand, payroll loans, by compromising generally small retirement or pension income, are a high risk to take vulnerable older people to overindebtedness.

We thank Prof. Saulo Neves de Oliveira for the competent translation from the Portuguese original to the English text.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The current text of Law 10,820 is as follows: “Article 1. Employees governed by the Consolidation of Labor Laws, approved by Decree-Law No. 5,452, dated May 1, 1943, may authorize, irrevocably and irreversibly, the payroll discount or their available remuneration Of the amounts related to the payment of loans, financing, credit cards and leasing operations granted by financial institutions and leasing companies, when foreseen in the respective contracts.”

  2. 2.

    See the text of Art. 1 of the Law 10.820, in the redaction of the Law 13.172, 2015: “. § 1o The discount mentioned in this article may also relate to severance pay owed by the employer, if provided for in the respective loan agreement, financing, credit card or lease, up to a limit of 35% (thirty five percent), 5% (Five percent) exclusively for: I—the amortization of expenses incurred by means of a credit card; Or II—the use for the purpose of withdrawal by means of the credit card. § 2°. The regulation shall provide for the limits of the value of the loan, of the provision consignable for the purposes of the caput and of the commitment of the rescission funds for the purposes of paragraph 1 of this article.”

  3. 3.

    Law 10.820/2003, changed by the Law 13.172, from the 21st of October of 2015, conversation of the MP 681, from the 10th of July of 2015. In 2004, the Law 10.953 included the text of the Law 10.820 which established a limit of 30% for discounts and withholdings on payroll of amounts related to the payment of loans, financing and leasing operations. In 2015, the limit was amplified to 35% to allow the amortization of expenses incurred by credit card and drawings by such means (Law 13.172, of the 21th of October of 2015).

  4. 4.

    The research data were first published in Doll (2009), p. 287ss.

  5. 5.

    See: Raymundo (1958). Raymundo (1974).

  6. 6.

    See: Movimento Diretas Já started in the decade of 1980. http://www12.senado.gov.br/jornal/edicoes/2014/02/25/senadores-ressaltam-a-paz-do-movimento-diretas-ja. Accessed in 31/01/2016.

  7. 7.

    See: Brum (1998).

  8. 8.

    On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the currency “Real” there were a number of reports and analyzes of its success. See, e.g., Bourroul and Ferreira (2016).

  9. 9.

    While economic growth in the 1980s was less than one percent per year, after the 1994 reform were registered solid growth rats: 1995–1998: 2.5%; 1999–2002: 2.1%; 2003–2006: 3.5%; 2007–2009: 3.6% (Fonte: IPEA, 2010, S. 60).

  10. 10.

    See: Pochmann (2014). Neri (2011).

  11. 11.

    See: Souza (2012).

  12. 12.

    See: Doll et al. (2015), p. 9ss.

  13. 13.

    See: Barbosa and Meurer (2016).

  14. 14.

    The principle of responsible lending was developed in the doctoral thesis of Lima (2014). See also: Cavallazzi et al. (2010), p. 74ss.

  15. 15.

    See: de Lima (2014).

  16. 16.

    See: Flores (2016).

  17. 17.

    See: de Freitas Elizabeth et al. (2011).

  18. 18.

    See: Lopes (2000).

  19. 19.

    See: Rodrigues (2001) pp. 149–158.

  20. 20.

    See: Simões (1998).

  21. 21.

    See: Rodrigues (2001), pp. 149–158.

  22. 22.

    See: Marques et al. (2013).

  23. 23.

    See: Silva and Cavalazzi (2013), pp. 13–45.

  24. 24.

    “The situation of vulnerability in the process of granting credit to young people and the elderly becomes more serious. The fragility inherent in the relationship, due to age, comprehension capacity and health conditions, creates exceptional conditions so that the various types of vulnerability simultaneously permeate the whole process, as a rule without full compliance with the duty to inform (An obligation attached to the Principle of Good Faith Objective), preventing the possibility of reflection on the need for credit and the ability to assume the payment conditions, resulting in hypervulnerability.” Cavallazzi et al. (2010), pp. 74–111.

  25. 25.

    See: Marques and Cavalazzi (2006), pp. I–VI.

  26. 26.

    See: Cavallazzi et al. (2010), pp. 74–111.

  27. 27.

    See: Marques Claudia Lima.

  28. 28.

    See: Grin (1999), p. 72 e seg.

  29. 29.

    See: de Beauvoir (1990).

  30. 30.

    See: Camarano (2006).

  31. 31.

    See: IBGE (2008).

  32. 32.

    See: Guimarães (2008).

  33. 33.

    Data from Dataprev, apud Zimmermann, Clóvis. A previdência rural brasileira no contexto das políticas públicas. Revista Espaço Acadêmico, n° 48, 2005. Acessível em: http://www.espacoacademico.com.br/048/48czimmermann.htm. Acesso em 31/01/2016.

  34. 34.

    See: Kreter and Bacha (2006), pp. 467–502.

  35. 35.

    See: Oliveira Tavares et al. (2011), pp. 94–108.

  36. 36.

    See: Doll (2002), p. 8: “In 1991, casual work represented 41.3% of the total labor force, but rose to 51.3% in 2000. This high number of informal work is a problem, especially for Social Insurance benefits, because these workers do not pay contributions. Beside the high risks for such workers there is only a relatively small part of the population who support the Social Insurance System (only 43.5% of all formal and informal workers; IBGE/PNAD 1999).”

  37. 37.

    See: Neri (2007).

  38. 38.

    See: Camarano and Kanso (2011).

  39. 39.

    See: Camarano (2006).

  40. 40.

    See: Beck (1999).

  41. 41.

    See: Camarano et al. (2004).

  42. 42.

    As previously registered, the Law 10.820/2003 was amended by Law 13,172, of October 21, 2015, in turn conversion of MP 681, of July 10, 2015.

  43. 43.

    After recognition of a Motion for Clarification by the Attorney General, the Brazilian Institute of Consumer Policy and Law—BRASILCON and the Brazilian Institute of Consumer Defense—IDEC (as amici curiae), the menu of judgment of direct action of unconstitutionality n. 2591 is replaced by the following: Art. 3°, § 2°, DO CDC. Código De Defesa Do Consumidor. Art. 5 o, XXXII, DA CB/88. Art. 170, V, DA CB/88. Instituições financeiras. Sujeição delas ao código de defesa do consumidor. Ação direta de inconstitucionalidade julgada improcedente.

    1. As instituições financeiras estão, todas elas, alcançadas pela incidência das normas veiculadas pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor.

    2. “Consumidor”, para os efeitos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, é toda pessoa física ou jurídica que utiliza, como destinatário final, atividade bancária, financeira e de crédito.

    3. Ação direta julgada improcedente.

    Tribunal pleno embargos de declaração na ação direta de nconstitucionalidade 2.591-1 distrito federal Relator: min. Eros grau embargante(s): procuradoria-geral da república em 14 12/2006.

    http://www.mpsp.mp.br/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/808763.PDF.

  44. 44.

    Vote-view minister eros degree direct action of unconstitutionality 2,591-1 federal district reporter: min. Carlos velloso applicant: national confederation of the financial system - consif advocates: ives gandra s. Martins and others required: president of the republic required: national congress. In 07/06/2006 court full direct action of unconstitutionality 2,591-1 federal district reporter originating: min. Carlos villainous rapporteur for the accordion minister eros degree.

  45. 45.

    In view of the high interest that at that time reached 141% a year for a credit on overdraft and 52.5–55.8% for a normal credit, payroll lending rates would have been a little lower. Even so, the National Council of Social Welfare found himself obliged, in June 2006, introducing a ceiling interest of 2.9% per month. Since then, interest rates fell slightly, and arrived at 2.14% per month, recently (D.O.U. 11/09/2015), interest rose again to 2.34% per month.

  46. 46.

    See: Buaes (2011).

  47. 47.

    Unfortunately this service stopped in 2011, claiming that there was an exchange of the journalists group.

  48. 48.

    See: Doll (2007), pp. 109–124.

  49. 49.

    “Unavailability, intangibility, irreconcilability and irreducibility are the structuring principles of the legal tradition of constitutionalism based on the defense of human labor and labor law” Cavallazzi et al. (2010), pp. 74–111.

  50. 50.

    Between 2006 and 2011 we can record the following normative instructions: 03/14/2006—Banks should reformulate paycheck credit advertising for pensioners (Source: State Attorney of the State of Rio Grande do Sul). 03/03/2008—New rules of payroll loans come into force (Source: Agência Brasil). 9/02/2008—DECREE N° 6.386: Regulates the art. 45 of Law No. 8,122 of December 11, 1990, and provides for the processing of payroll deductions under the Integrated System of Human Resources Administration (SIAPE). 01/12/2010 (MJ)—The Department of Consumer Protection and Defense (DPDC) launches the Handbook Prevention and Treatment of the Superdependent. 5/10; 2010—Publication of Res. 382/2010 State Secretariat for Planning and Management (Seplag) implements a new payroll loan system in the State of Rio de Janeiro. 07/7/2011—Interest rates have third highest followed in the year in May, says Anefac. (Source: G1.) For the individual, rate was at 6.87%, the highest since June 2010. For legal entity, rate stood at 4.03%, the highest since July 2009. 14/01/2011 Central Bank prohibits exclusivity agreements for payroll-deductible loans. Circular 3,522, “financial institutions, in the provision of services and in the contracting of transactions, are prohibited from entering into agreements, contracts or agreements that prevent or restrict the access of clients to credit operations offered by other institutions.

  51. 51.

    Research Project UFRGS “O idoso frente ao empréstimo consignado: implicações educacionais”, PI: Johannes Doll.

  52. 52.

    In fact, the situation in Brazil has changed a bit in the last decade, but for reasons of comparability we will work here with 2006 data, the time of the survey research data. See: www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/trabalhoerendimento/pnad2006.

  53. 53.

    The representative survey “Elderly in Brazil,” conducted by Perseus Abramo Foundation and SESC/SP reaches similar results, 70% of 2,136 respondents had a maximum schooling of 4 years. See: Santos et al. (2007).

  54. 54.

    See data of the “Credit and Overindebtedness Observatory” of UFRGS-MJ, in Marques (2014b), pp. 99–145.

  55. 55.

    In the questionnaire, participants rated their health status according to a Likert scale from very good (=1) to very bad (=5). Among those who had made a loan, the value in relation to health was slightly worse (2.93) compared to those without loan (2,80).

  56. 56.

    See: Buaes (2011).

  57. 57.

    See, for example, the notice of 20/09/2015 “A violência financeira contra o idoso cresce com a crise”, where the withholding credit is named as one of the instruments to explore the elderly. Available in: http://www.otempo.com.br/capa/economia/viol%C3%AAncia-financeira-contra-o-idoso-cresce-22-com-a-crise-1.1116196. Acsess in 31/01/2016.

  58. 58.

    Law 10,820/2003, amended by Law 13,172, of October 21, 2015, conversion of MP 681, of July 10, 2015.

  59. 59.

    See: (Valor, São Paulo, 19 ago. 2005, p. C3 apud http://www.newton.freitas.nom.br/artigos.asp?cod=139).

  60. 60.

    See: Schmitt (2014).

  61. 61.

    See: Notícia de (2007).

  62. 62.

    Baltes and Smith (2006), pp. 7–31.

  63. 63.

    Bauman (2007).

  64. 64.

    Marques (2014a), p. 381.

  65. 65.

    Especially regarding the percentage of assignment to credit payment is known that there is no effective control. Seniors come to commit much more of their retirement than 30%/35% of their retirement or pension. See: http://www2.camara.leg.br/camaranoticias/noticias/ECONOMIA/414256-governo-alerta-para-endividamento-de-idosos-com-emprestimo-consignado.html.

  66. 66.

    This pilot project, created by Judge Clarissa Costa Lima and Karen Berontcello, is part of a growing concern of investigators, judges and lawyers about the indebtedness effects. See, por exemplo, Marques et al. (2010), Lima, Clarissa Costa. O direito de recomeçar: Em busca de um modelo para o tratamento do superendividamento no Brasil. Tese de doutorado, Faculdade de Direito, UFRGS. Bertoncello (2015).

  67. 67.

    Buaes (2011). See also: Buaes (2015), pp. 105–127.

  68. 68.

    A pedagogy that can overcome the naive perception of reality. See: Freire (2008).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Johannes Doll

  2. PROURB, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Rosangela L. Cavallazzi

  3. Law Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUCRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Rosangela L. Cavallazzi

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Claudia Lima Marques

  2. Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Macau, Macao

    Dan Wei

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Doll, J., Cavallazzi, R.L. (2017). “Withholding Credit” and Elderly Overindebtedness. In: Lima Marques, C., Wei, D. (eds) Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55624-6_28

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