Abstract
The opening sections of this chapter trace the development of English-medium instruction (EMI) in higher education from the late 1940s and the foundation of the University of Malaya, through to the post-colonial era following independence in 1965 and Singapore’s current era of a globally-competitive, knowledge-based economy. One important argument in this context is that the post-independence policy of promoting English within education had strong roots in the colonial language policies of the 1950s. Today, Singapore has six tertiary institutions, all of which maintain a uniform policy of using English as the sole medium of instruction. The later sections of the chapter focus on the contemporary context of higher education, where scientific, technological, and vocational education has been promoted to serve the needs of a knowledge-based economy that has been developed to be highly competitive on the world stage. Despite the official policy on EMI throughout education in Singapore, from a sociolinguistic perspective it is also important to consider the wider multilingual ecology of the Singapore society, and the often complex multilingual worlds of university students, which are characterised by code-switching from more formal registers of English in the classroom to the use of Colloquial Singapore English, Malay, Mandarin and Indian languages in the corridors and cafeterias of universities throughout Singapore.
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- 1.
Puccetti’s (1972) article provides a fascinating window on the academic politics of the time, which in the author’s (albeit partial) view were characterized by an increasingly authoritarian government control over university education, particularly in the humanities and social sciences.
- 2.
Lee Kuan Yew has been repeatedly quoted for a throwaway remark made in 1968, where he made the point that ‘Poetry is a luxury we cannot afford’, as, in his mind, technical education was far more important for national development (Koh 2014).
- 3.
In addition to Singapore’s six universities, the Ministry of Education’s Higher Education Division (or HED) also oversees nine other institutions, including five Polytechnics, the Institute of Technical Education (ITE), the Science Centre Singapore (SCS), the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) and the Council for Private Education (CPE) (MOE 2015).
- 4.
The 2010 census also reported on the resident student/non-student population by ethnic group and highest qualification obtained, where it is interesting to note that at that time, 22.6% of Chinese, 35% of Indians, and only 5.1% of Malays had obtained a university-level qualification.
- 5.
It is unclear from official websites and other sources exactly how many foreign universities are operating in Singapore. Various listings are posted on websites such as the following: Internations (2015), Universities in Singapore (2015), Digital Senior (2015), but one problem here is that such listings seem to conflate both private Singaporean universities and branch universities of overseas institutions, a situation further complicated by multiple collaborations between local educational players with overseas providers. In addition, there are also multi-national educational entrepreneurs such as Kaplan operating locally and providing a platform for degree courses from such Australian universities as Murdoch and RMIT, and UK institutions such as Essex, Northumbria and Portsmouth. The official government list of private colleges and universities lists a few hundred such organisations, but many of these appear to be lower-level vocational institutes, and little hard information about the enrolment and operation of these institutions is provided (Council for Private Education 2015).
- 6.
Ng (2013) reports that this cap was introduced in response to increasing concerns in the community concerning the provision of university places and scholarships to foreign students. He further explains that the Ministry of Education is currently increasing the number of places for local students, and that by 2015 an estimated 30 per cent of the cohort will be admitted to state-funded universities (Ng 2013, p. 289).
- 7.
Singapore’s GDP per capita for 2014 was an astonishing US$83,100. The comparable figure for the US is $54,400, with $46,600 for Australia, and $39,800 for the UK (World Factbook 2015).
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Bolton, K., Botha, W. (2017). English as a Medium of Instruction in Singapore Higher Education. In: Fenton-Smith, B., Humphreys, P., Walkinshaw, I. (eds) English Medium Instruction in Higher Education in Asia-Pacific. Multilingual Education, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51976-0_8
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