Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Tooth Whitening pp 45–79Cite as

Complications from the Use of Peroxides

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

While dental whitening or dental bleaching is one of the most popular aesthetic procedures, dentists should base their decision to prescribe peroxide-based whitening agents on evidence-based techniques and regimens. The contact of bleaching products with the mucosa, dental tissues, and preexisting restorations may trigger a series of adverse effects both on soft and hard tissues. This chapter details the precautions that must be taken prior to prescribing different bleaching therapies with the goal of improving the patient’s smile, without damaging oral tissues. Additionally, this chapter will discuss tooth sensitivity, which is the most common side effect of any bleaching treatment. The prevention of tooth sensitivity is of upmost importance to avoid discomfort to patients and increase patient’s compliance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott P, Leow N (2009) Predictable management of cracked teeth with reversible pulpitis. Aust Dent J 54:306–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abe AT, Youssef MN, Turbino ML (2016) Effect of bleaching agents on the nanohardness of tooth enamel, composite resin, and the tooth-restoration interface. Oper Dent 41:44–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham S, Ghonmode WN, Saujanya KP, Jaju N, Tambe VH, Yawalikar PP (2013) Effect of grape seed extracts on bond strength of bleached enamel using fifth and seventh generation bonding agents. J Int Oral Health 5:101–107

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akal N, Over H, Olmez A, Bodur H (2001) Effects of carbamide peroxide containing bleaching agents on the morphology and subsurface hardness of enamel. J Clin Pediatr Dent 25:293–296

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida LC, Riehl H, Santos PH, Sundfeld ML, Briso AL (2012) Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of different bleaching therapies in vital teeth. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 32:303–309

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida AF, Torre Edo N, Selayaran Mdos S, Leite FR, Demarco FF, Loguercio AD, Etges A (2015) Genotoxic potential of 10% and 16% carbamide peroxide in dental bleaching. Braz Oral Res 29:01–07

    Google Scholar 

  • AlQahtani MQ (2013) The effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on the microhardness of four types of direct resin-based restorative materials. Oper Dent 38:316–323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ANVISA (2015) Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução – RESOLUÇÃO – RDC No. 6, DE 6 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2015, No 27 – DOU – 09/02/15 – Seção 1. p. 60. http://www.anvisa.gov.br/areas/coges/legislacao/2015/RDC_06_2015.pdf. Accessed 20 Jan 2016

  • Armênio RV, Fitarelli F, Armênio MF, Demarco FF, Reis A, Loguercio AD (2008) The effect of fluoride gel use on bleaching sensitivity: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Am Dent Assoc 139:592–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arumugam MT, Nesamani R, Kittappa K, Sanjeev K, Sekar M (2014) Effect of various antioxidants on the shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel: an in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 17:22–26

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Atash R, Van den Abbeele A (2005) Bond strengths of eight contemporary adhesives to enamel and to dentine: an in vitro study on bovine primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent 15:264–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auschill TM, Schneider-Del Savio T, Hellwig E, Arweiler NB (2012) Randomized clinical trial of the efficacy, tolerability, and long-term color stability of two bleaching techniques: 18-month follow-up. Quintessence Int 43:683–694

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baracco B, Fuentes MV, Garrido MA, Gonzalez-Lopez S, Ceballos L (2012) Effect of thermal aging on the tensile bond strength at reduced areas of seven current adhesives. Odontology 101:177–185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basting RT, Amaral FL, França FM, Flório FM (2012) Clinical comparative study of the effectiveness of and tooth sensitivity to 10% and 20% carbamide peroxide home-use and 35% and 38% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleaching materials containing desensitizing agents. Oper Dent 37:464–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bektas ÖÖ, Eren D, Akin GG, Sag BU, Ozcan M (2013) Microleakage effect on class V composite restorations with two adhesive systems using different bleaching methods. Acta Odontol Scand 71:1000–1007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardon JK, Sartori N, Ballarin A, Perdigão J, Lopes GC, Baratieri LN (2010) Clinical performance of vital bleaching techniques. Oper Dent 35:3–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bistey T, Nagy IP, Simó A, Hegedus C (2007) In vitro FT-IR study of the effects of hydrogen peroxide on superficial tooth enamel. J Dent 35:325–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bizhang M, Chun YH, Damerau K, Singh P, Raab WH, Zimmer S (2009) Comparative clinical study of the effectiveness of three different bleaching methods. Oper Dent 34:635–641

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boushell LW, Ritter AV, Garland GE, Tiwana KK, Smith LR, Broome A, Leonard RH (2012) Nightguard vital bleaching: side effects and patient satisfaction 10 to 17 years post-treatment. J Esthet Restor Dent 24:211–219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braxton A, Garrett L, Versluis-Tantbirojn D, Versluis A (2014) Does fluoride gel/foam application time affect enamel demineralization? J Tenn Dent Assoc 94:28–31; quiz 32–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briso AL, Tuñas IT, de Almeida LC, Rahal V, Ambrosano GM (2010a) Effects of five carbamide peroxide bleaching gels on composite resin microhardness. Acta Odontol Latinoam 23:27–31

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briso ALF, Fonseca MSM, Almeida LCAG, Mauro SJ, Santos PH (2010b) Color Alteration in teeth subjected to different bleaching techniques. Laser Phy 20:2066–2069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briso AL, Toseto RM, Rahal V, dos Santos PH, Ambrosano GM (2012) Effect of sodium ascorbate on tag formation in bleached enamel. J Adhes Dent 14:19–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briso AL, Lima AP, Gonçalves RS, Gallinari MO, dos Santos PH (2014a) Transenamel and transdentinal penetration of hydrogen peroxide applied to cracked or microabrasioned enamel. Oper Dent 39:166–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briso AL, Rahal V, Sundfeld RH, dos Santos PH, Alexandre RS (2014b) Effect of sodium ascorbate on dentin bonding after two bleaching techniques. Oper Dent 39:195–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briso AL, Gonçalves RS, Costa FB, Gallinari Mde O, Cintra LT, Santos PH (2015) Demineralization and hydrogen peroxide penetration in teeth with incipient lesions. Braz Dent J 26:135–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchalla W, Attin T (2007) External bleaching therapy with activation by heat, light or laser – a systematic review. Dent Mater 23:586–596

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bueno RP, Salomone P, Villetti MA, Pozzobon RT (2013) Effect of bleaching agents on the fluorescence of composite resins. Eur J Esthet Dent 8:582–591

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler CJ, Masri R, Driscoll CF, Thompson GA, Runyan DA, Anthony von Fraunhofer J (2004) Effect of fluoride and 10% carbamide peroxide on the surface roughness of low-fusing and ultra low-fusing porcelain. J Prosthet Dent 92:179–183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canay S, Cehreli MC (2003) The effect of current bleaching agents on the color of light-polymerized composites in vitro. J Prosthet Dent 89:474–478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso PC, Reis A, Loguercio A, Vieira LC, Baratieri LN (2010) Clinical effectiveness and tooth sensitivity associated with different bleaching times for a 10 percent carbamide peroxide gel. J Am Dent Assoc 141:1213–1220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco-Guerisoli LD, Schiavoni RJ, Barroso JM, Guerisoli DM, Pécora JD, Fröner IC (2009) Effect of different bleaching systems on the ultrastructure of bovine dentin. Dent Traumatol 25:176–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalli V, Arrais CA, Giannini M, Ambrosano GM (2004) High-concentrated carbamide peroxide bleaching agents effects on enamel surface. J Oral Rehabil 31:155–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalli V, de Carvalho RM, Giannini M (2005) Influence of carbamide peroxide-based bleaching agents on the bond strength of resin-enamel/dentin interfaces. Braz Oral Res 19:23–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cenci MS, Pereira-Cenci T, Donassollo TA, Sommer L, Strapasson A, Demarco FF (2008) Influence of thermal stress on marginal integrity of restorative materials. J Appl Oral Sci 16:106–110

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cintra LT, Benetti F, da Silva Facundo AC, Ferreira LL, Gomes-Filho JE, Ervolino E, Rahal V, Briso AL (2013) The number of bleaching sessions influence pulp tissue damage in rat teeth. J Endod 39:1576–1580

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa CA, Riehl H, Kina JF, Sacono NT, Hebling J (2010) Human pulp responses to in-office tooth bleaching. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 109:59–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croll TP (1997) Enamel microabrasion: observations after 10 years. J Am Dent Assoc 128(Suppl):45S–50S

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croll TP (2003) Bleaching sensitivity. J Am Dent Assoc 134:1163–1172

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Costa Filho LC, da Costa CC, Sória ML, Taga R (2002) Effect of home bleaching and smoking on marginal gingival epithelium proliferation: a histologic study in women. J Oral Pathol Med 31:473–480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva AP, de Oliveira R, Cavalli V, Arrais CA, Giannini M, de Carvalho RM (2005) Effect of peroxide-based bleaching agents on enamel ultimate tensile strength. Oper Dent 30:318–324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de A Silva MF, Davies RM, Stewart B, DeVizio W, Tonholo J, da Silva Júnior JG, Pretty IA (2006) Effect of whitening gels on the surface roughness of restorative materials in situ. Dent Mater 22:919–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Alexandre RS, Sundfeld RH, Briso ALF, Valentino TA, Pinto CCM, Sundefeld MLMM (2006) Análise da microdureza de selantes de fóssulas e fissuras, quando submetidos à ação do gel de peróxido de carbamida a 15%. J Bras Clín Odontol Integrada Saúde Bucal Coletiva. Edição Especial:01–06

    Google Scholar 

  • de Almeida LC, Soares DG, Azevedo FA, Gallinari Mde O, Costa CA, dos Santos PH, Briso AL (2015a) At-home bleaching: color alteration, hydrogen peroxide diffusion and cytotoxicity. Braz Dent J 26:378–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Almeida LC, Soares DG, Gallinari MO, de Souza Costa CA, Dos Santos PH, Briso AL (2015b) Color alteration, hydrogen peroxide diffusion, and cytotoxicity caused by in-office bleaching protocols. Clin Oral Investig 19:673–680

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Arruda AM, dos Santos PH, Sundfeld RH, Berger SB, Briso AL (2012) Effect of hydrogen peroxide at 35% on the morphology of enamel and interference in the de-remineralization process: an in situ study. Oper Dent 37:518–525

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Castro Albuquerque R, Gomez RS, Dutra RA, Vasconcellos WA, Gomez RS, Gomez MV (2002) Effects of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on rat oral epithelium proliferation. Braz Dent J 13:162–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Geus JL, Bersezio C, Urrutia J, Yamada T, Fernández E, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Kossatz S (2015a) Effectiveness of and tooth sensitivity with at-home bleaching in smokers: a multicenter clinical trial. J Am Dent Assoc 146:233–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Geus JL, de Lara MB, Hanzen TA, Fernández E, Loguercio AD, Kossatz S, Reis A (2015b) One-year follow-up of at-home bleaching in smokers before and after dental prophylaxis. J Dent 43:1346–1351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Geus JL, Rezende M, Margraf LS, Bortoluzzi MC, Fernández E, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Kossatz S (2015c) Evaluation of genotoxicity and efficacy of at-home bleaching in smokers: a single-blind controlled clinical trial. Oper Dent 40:E47–E55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Coutinho E, Poitevin A, Peumans M, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B (2005) Micro-tensile bond strength of adhesives bonded to class-I cavity-bottom dentin after thermo-cycling. Dent Mater 21:999–1007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Masotti AS (2009) Over-the-counter whitening agents: a concise review. Braz Oral Res 23(Suppl 1):64–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donly KJ, Segura A, Sasa I, Perez E, Anastasia MK, Farrell S (2010) A controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and whitening efficacy of a 9.5% hydrogen peroxide high-adhesion whitening strip in a teen population. Am J Dent 23:292–296

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Drug Administration (2003) 21 CFR Part 356 – oral health care drug products for over-the-counter human use; Antigingivitis/antiplaque drug products; Establishment of a monograph; Proposed rules. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the-CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/ucm096081.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2016

  • European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (2007) Opinion on hydrogen peroxide, in its free form or when released, in oral hygiene products and tooth whitening products. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_122.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2016

  • European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (2010) Opinion on sodium perborate and perboric acid. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_031.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2016

  • Faraoni-Romano JJ, Silveira AG, Turssi CP, Serra MC (2008) Bleaching agents with varying concentrations of carbamide and/or hydrogen peroxides: effect on dental microhardness and roughness. J Esthet Restor Dent 20:395–404

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faraoni-Romano JJ, Turssi CP, Serra MC (2009) Effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide on wear resistance of enamel and dentine: in situ study. J Dent 37:273–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Firat E, Ercan E, Gurgan S, Yucel OO, Cakir FY, Berker E (2011) The effect of bleaching systems on the gingiva and the levels of IL-1β and IL-10 in gingival crevicular fluid. Oper Dent 36:572–580

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forner L, Salmerón-Sánchez M, Palomares M, Llena C, Amengual J (2009) The use of atomic force microscopy in determining the stiffness and adhesion force of human dentin after exposure to bleaching agents. J Endod 35:1384–1386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freire A, Souza EM, de Menezes Caldas DB, Rosa EA, Bordin CF, de Carvalho RM, Vieira S (2009) Reaction kinetics of sodium ascorbate and dental bleaching gel. J Dent 37:932–936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia EJ, Oldoni TL, Alencar SM, Reis A, Loguercio AD, Grande RH (2012) Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay of potential solutions to be applied on bleached teeth. Braz Dent J 23:22–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghalili KM, Khawaled K, Rozen D, Afsahi V (2014) Clinical study of the safety and effectiveness of a novel over-the-counter bleaching tray system. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 21:15–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Giniger M, Macdonald J, Ziemba S, Felix H (2005) The clinical performance of professionally dispensed bleaching gel with added amorphous calcium phosphate. J Am Dent Assoc 136:383–392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gokay O, Yilmaz F, Akin S, Tuncbilek M, Ertan R (2000) Penetration of the pulp chamber by bleaching agents in teeth restored with various restorative materials. J Endod 26:92–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gurbuz A, Ozkan P, Yilmaz K, Yilmaz B, Durkan R (2013) Effect of at-home whitening strips on the surface roughness and color of a composite and an ormocer restorative material. J Prosthodont 22:69–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannig C, Zech R, Henze E, Dorr-Tolui R, Attin T (2003) Determination of peroxides in saliva-kinetics of peroxide release into saliva during home-bleaching with Whitestrips and Vivastyle. Arch Oral Biol 48:559–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannig C, Zech R, Henze E, Dreier S, Attin T (2005) Peroxide release into saliva from five different home bleaching systems in vivo. Am J Dent 18:13–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasson H, Ismail AI, Neiva G (2006) Home-based chemically-induced whitening of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:CD006202

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayacibara MF, Ambrozano GM, Cury JA (2004) Simultaneous release of fluoride and aluminum from dental materials in various immersion media. Oper Dent 29:16–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haywood VB (2005) Treating sensitivity during tooth whitening. Compend Contin Educ Dent 26:11–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haywood VB, Leonard RH, Dickinson GL (1997) Efficacy of six months of nightguard vital bleaching of tetracycline-stained teeth. J Esthet Dent 9:13–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks MJ, Silverstone LM, Flaitz CM (1984) A scanning electron microscopic and polarized light study of acid etching of caries like lesions in human enamel treated with sodium fluoride in-vitro. Arch Oral Biol 29:765–772

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbezoglu I, Akaoglu B, Dogan A, Keskin S, Bolayir G, Ozçelik S, Dogan OM (2008) Effect of bleaching on color change and refractive index of dental composite resins. Dent Mater J 27:105–116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt RJ (1990) Behavioral and sociodemographic risk factors for caries. In: Bader JD (ed) Risk assessment in dentistry. University of North Carolina Dental Ecology, Chapel Hill, pp 29–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen MG, Carroll WB (2002) Incidence of tooth sensitivity after home whitening treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 133:1076–1082

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kara HB, Aykent F, Ozturk B (2013) The effect of bleaching agents on the color stability of ceromer and porcelain restorative materials in vitro. Oper Dent 38:E1–E8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemaloğlu H, Tezel H, Ergücü Z (2014) Does post-bleaching fluoridation affect the further demineralization of bleached enamel? An in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 14:113

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kishta-Derani M, Neiva G, Yaman P, Dennison J (2007) In vitro evaluation of tooth-color change using four paint-on tooth whiteners. Oper Dent 32:394–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klukowska M, Götz H, White DJ, Zoladz J, Schwarz BO, Duschner H (2013) Depth profile analysis of non-specific fluorescence and color of tooth tissues after peroxide bleaching. Am J Dent 26:3–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kugel G, Gerlach RW, Aboushala A, Ferreira S, Magnuson B (2011) Long-term use of 6.5% hydrogen peroxide bleaching strips on tetracycline stain: a clinical study. Compend Contin Educ Dent 32:50–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon YH, Huo MS, Kim KH, Kim SK, Kim YJ (2002) Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the light reflectance and morphology of bovine enamel. J Oral Rehabil 29:473–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon SR, Wang J, Oyoyo U, Li Y (2013) Evaluation of bleaching efficacy and erosion potential of four different over-the-counter bleaching products. Am J Dent 26:356–360

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard RH Jr, Bentley C, Eagle JC, Garland GE, Knight MC, Phillips C (2001) Nightguard vital bleaching: a long-term study on efficacy, shade retention, side effects, and patients’ perceptions. J Esthet Restor Dent 13:357–369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Yu H, Wang Y (2009) Colour and surface analysis of carbamide peroxide bleaching effects on the dental restorative materials in situ. J Dent 37:348–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo EC, Wong AH, McGrath C (2007) A randomized controlled trial of home tooth-whitening products. Am J Dent 20:315–318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucier RN, Etienne O, Ferreira S, Garlick JA, Kugel G, Egles C (2013) Soft-tissue alterations following exposure to tooth-whitening agents. J Periodontol 84:513–519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz K (2010) Pretty painful: why does tooth bleaching hurt? Med Hypotheses 74:835–840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marson FC, Sensi LG, Vieira LC, Araújo E (2008) Clinical evaluation of in-office dental bleaching treatments with and without the use of light-activation sources. Oper Dent 33:15–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marson FC, Gonçalves RS, Silva CO, Cintra LT, Pascotto RC, Santos PH, Briso AL (2015) Penetration of hydrogen peroxide and degradation rate of different bleaching products. Oper Dent 40:72–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matis BA (2003) Tray whitening: what the evidence shows. Compend Contin Educ Dent 24:354–362

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matis BA, Gaiao U, Blackman D, Schultz FA, Eckert GJ (1999) In vivo degradation of bleaching gel used in whitening teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 130:227–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matis BA, Yousef M, Cochran MA, Eckert GJ (2002) Degradation of bleaching gels in vivo as a function of tray design and carbamide peroxide concentration. Oper Dent 27:12–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matis BA, Cochran MA, Eckert G (2009) Review of the effectiveness of various tooth whitening systems. Oper Dent 34:230–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meireles SS, Santos IS, Bona AD, Demarco FF (2010) A double-blind randomized clinical trial of two carbamide peroxide tooth bleaching agents: 2-year follow-up. J Dent 38:956–963

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minoux M, Serfaty R (2008) Vital tooth bleaching: biologic adverse effects-a review. Quintessence Int 39:645–659

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moraes RR, Marimon JL, Schneider LF, Correr Sobrinho L, Camacho GB, Bueno M (2006) Carbamide peroxide bleaching agents: effects on surface roughness of enamel, composite and porcelain. Clin Oral Investig 10:23–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mourouzis P, Koulaouzidou EA, Helvatjoglu-Antoniades M (2013) Effect of in-office bleaching agents on physical properties of dental composite resins. Quintessence Int 44:295–302

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naik S, Tredwin CJ, Scully C (2006) Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching): review of safety in relation to possible carcinogenesis. Oral Oncol 42:668–674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oda D, Nguyen MP, Royack GA, Tong DC (2001) H2O2 oxidative damage in cultured oral epithelial cells: the effect of short-term vitamin C exposure. Anticancer Res 21:2719–2724

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens BM, Rowland CC, Brown DM, Covington JS 3rd (1998) Postoperative dental bleaching: effect of microleakage on class V tooth colored restorative materials. J Tenn Dent Assoc 78:36–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paic M, Sener B, Schug J, Schmidlin PR (2008) Effects of microabrasion on substance loss, surface roughness, and colorimetric changes on enamel in vitro. Quintessence Int 39:517–522

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palé M, Mayoral JR, Llopis J, Vallès M, Basilio J, Roig M (2014) Evaluation of the effectiveness of an in-office bleaching system and the effect of potassium nitrate as a desensitizing agent. Odontology 102:203–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patri G, Agnihotri Y, Rao SR, Lakshmi N, Das S (2013) An in vitro spectrophotometric analysis of the penetration of bleaching agent into the pulp chamber of intact and restored teeth. J Clin Diagn Res 7:3057–3059

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paula AB, Dias MI, Ferreira MM, Carrilho T, Marto CM, Casalta J, Cabrita AS, Carrilho E (2015) Effects on gastric mucosa induced by dental bleaching – an experimental study with 6% hydrogen peroxide in rats. J Appl Oral Sci 23:497–507

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perdigão J (2010) Dental whitening – revisiting the myths. Northwest Dent 89:19–21, 23–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto VG (2001) Saúde bucal coletiva. Santos, São Paulo

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell LV, Bales DJ (1991) Tooth bleaching: its effect on oral tissues. J Am Dent Assoc 122:50–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price RB, Sedarous M, Hiltz GS (2000) The pH of tooth-whitening products. J Can Dent Assoc 66:421–426

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahal V, Azevedo FA, Gallinari MO, Silva NM, Gonçalves RS, Cintra LTA, Marson FC, Briso ALF (2014) Avaliação sensorial quantitativa da sensibilidade dentária com o uso de um dessensibilizante. Rev Dental Press Estética 11:108–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues JA, Marchi GM, Ambrosano GM, Heymann HO, Pimenta LA (2005) Microhardness evaluation of in situ vital bleaching on human dental enamel using a novel study design. Dent Mater 21:1059–1067

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues MC, Mondelli RF, Oliveira GU, Franco EB, Baseggio W, Wang L (2013) Minimal alterations on the enamel surface by micro-abrasion: in vitro roughness and wear assessments. J Appl Oral Sci 21:112–117

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki RT, Arcanjo AJ, Flório FM, Basting RT (2009) Micromorphology and microhardness of enamel after treatment with home-use bleaching agents containing 10% carbamide peroxide and 7.5% hydrogen peroxide. J Appl Oral Sci 17:611–616

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schemehorn B, González-Cabezas C, Joiner A (2004) A SEM evaluation of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel on dental materials in vitro. J Dent 32(Suppl 1):35–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simões RC, Soares D, de Souza Costa CA, Santos PD, Cintra L, Briso A (2015) Effect of different light sources and enamel preconditioning on color change, H2O2 penetration, and cytotoxicity in bleached teeth. Oper Dent 41:83–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Soares DG, Ribeiro AP, Lima AF, Sacono NT, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA (2013a) Effect of fluoride-treated enamel on indirect cytotoxicity of a 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel to pulp cells. Braz Dent J 24:121–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soares DG, Ribeiro AP, Sacono NT, Loguércio AD, Hebling J, Costa CA (2013b) Mineral loss and morphological changes in dental enamel induced by a 16% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel. Braz Dent J 24:517–521

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soares DG, Basso FG, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA (2014a) Concentrations of and application protocols for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels: effect on pulp cell viability and whitening efficacy. J Dent 42:185–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soares DG, Basso FG, Pontes EC, Garcia Lda F, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA (2014b) Effective tooth-bleaching protocols capable of reducing H(2)O(2) diffusion through enamel and dentine. J Dent 42:351–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spalding M, Taveira LA, de Assis GF (2003) Scanning electron microscopy study of dental enamel surface exposed to 35% hydrogen peroxide: alone, with saliva, and with 10% carbamide peroxide. J Esthet Restor Dent 15:154–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg D, Mor C, Dogan H, Zacks B, Rotstein I (1999) Effect of salivary biofilm on the adherence of oral bacteria to bleached and non-bleached restorative material. Dent Mater 15:14–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sulieman MA (2008) An overview of tooth-bleaching techniques: chemistry, safety and efficacy. Periodontol 2000 48:148–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sulieman M, Addy M, MacDonald E, Rees JS (2004) The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the outcome of tooth whitening: an in vitro study. J Dent 32:295–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swift EJ Jr, Heymann HO, Wilder AD Jr, Barker ML, Gerlach RW (2009) Effects of duration of whitening strip treatment on tooth color: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Dent 37(Suppl 1):e51–e56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taher NM (2005) The effect of bleaching agents on the surface hardness of tooth colored restorative materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 6:18–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tay LY, Kose C, Loguercio AD, Reis A (2009) Assessing the effect of a desensitizing agent used before in-office tooth bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 140:1245–1251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tipton DA, Braxton SD, Dabbous MK (1995) Role of saliva and salivary components as modulators of bleaching agent toxicity to human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 66:766–774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torabi K, Rasaeipour S, Ghodsi S, Khaledi AA, Vojdani M (2014a) Evaluation of the effect of a home bleaching agent on surface characteristics of indirect esthetic restorative materials – part II microhardness. J Contemp Dent Pract 15:438–443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torabi K, Rasaeipour S, Khaledi AA, Vojdani M, Ghodsi S (2014b) Evaluation of the effect of a home-bleaching agent on the surface characteristics of indirect esthetic restorative materials: part I – roughness. J Contemp Dent Pract 15:326–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trentino AC, Soares AF, Duarte MA, Ishikiriama SK, Mondelli RF (2015) Evaluation of pH levels and surface roughness after bleaching and abrasion tests of eight commercial products. Photomed Laser Surg 33:372–377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker SB, Biskin T (2002) The effect of bleaching agents on the microhardness of dental aesthetic restorative materials. J Oral Rehabil 29:657–661

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Türker SB, Biskin T (2003) Effect of three bleaching agents on the surface properties of three different esthetic restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent 89:466–473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulukapi H, Benderli Y, Ulukapi I (2003) Effect of pre- and postoperative bleaching on marginal leakage of amalgam and composite restorations. Quintessence Int 34:505–508

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vongsavan N, Matthews B (1991) The permeability of cat dentine in vivo and in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 36:641–646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward M, Felix H (2012) A clinical evaluation comparing two H2O2 concentrations used with a light-assisted chairside tooth whitening system. Compend Contin Educ Dent 33:286–291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wattanapayungkul P, Matis BA, Cochran MA, Moore BK (1999) A clinical study of the effect of pellicle on the degradation of 10% carbamide peroxide within the first hour. Quintessence Int 30:737–741

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White DJ, Duschner H, Pioch T (2008) Effect of bleaching treatments on microleakage of class I restorations. J Clin Dent 19:33–36

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams HA, Rueggeberg FA, Meister LW (1992) Bleaching the natural dentition to match the color of existing restorations: case reports. Quintessence Int 23:673–677

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willmot DR (2004) White lesions after orthodontic treatment: does low fluoride make a difference? J Orthod 31:235–242; discussion 202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Zhu L, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhang K, Li S, Bohman LC, Gerlach RW (2007) Randomized clinical trial comparing whitening strips, paint-on gel and negative control. Am J Dent 20 Spec No A:28A–31A

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yalcin F, Gurgan S (2005) Effect of two different bleaching regimens on the gloss of tooth-colored restorative materials. Dent Mater 21:464–468

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yousaf A, Aman N, Manzoor MA, Shah JA, Dilrasheed (2014) Postoperative sensitivity of self-etch versus total etch adhesive. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 24:383–386

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yudhira R, Peumans M, Barker ML, Gerlach RW (2007) Clinical trial of tooth whitening with 6% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips and two whitening dentifrices. Am J Dent 20 Spec No A:32A–36A

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu T, Lim BS, Park HC, Son KM, Yang HC (2012) Effects of the iron-chelating agent deferoxamine on triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate, hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 100:197–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil

    André Luiz Fraga Briso, Vanessa Rahal & Marjorie Oliveira Gallinari

  2. Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil

    Diana Gabriela Soares & Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa

Authors
  1. André Luiz Fraga Briso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vanessa Rahal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marjorie Oliveira Gallinari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Diana Gabriela Soares
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to André Luiz Fraga Briso .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Minnesota, MINNEAPOLIS, USA

    Jorge Perdigão

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Briso, A.L.F., Rahal, V., Gallinari, M.O., Soares, D.G., Costa, C.A.d.S. (2016). Complications from the Use of Peroxides. In: Perdigão, J. (eds) Tooth Whitening. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38849-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38849-6_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-38847-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-38849-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation