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Ex-Situ Remediation Technologies for Environmental Pollutants: A Critical Perspective

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Book cover Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 236

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 236))

Abstract

Pollution and the global health impacts from toxic environmental pollutants are presently of great concern. At present, more than 100 million people are at risk from exposure to a plethora of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants. This review is an exploration of the ex-situ technologies for cleaning-up the contaminated soil, groundwater and air emissions, highlighting their principles, advantages, deficiencies and the knowledge gaps. Challenges and strategies for removing different types of contaminants, mainly heavy metals and priority organic pollutants, are also described.

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Abbreviations

°C:

Degree celsius

$:

Dollar

>:

Greater than

<:

Less than

%:

Per cent

2,4-D:

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

A:

Australian

Al:

Aluminium

AOP:

Advanced oxidation process

As:

Arsenic

B:

Boron

Ba:

Barium

BDD:

Boron-doped diamond

BTEX:

Benzene toluene ethylbenzene and xylenes

BTF-PCO:

Biotrickling filtration and photocatalytic oxidation

CCl4 :

Carbon tetrachloride

Cd:

Cadmium

CH4 :

Methane

Cl2 :

Chlorine

cm:

Centimetre

Co:

Cobalt

CO2 :

Carbon-di-oxide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

Cr:

Chromium

CTMAB:

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide

Cu:

Copper

DDE:

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

DDT:

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DNAPL:

Dense non-aqueous phase liquid

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EK:

Enhanced electrokinetics

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

Fe:

Iron

F-gases:

Fluorinated gases

FRTR:

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable

g:

Gram

GDP:

Gross domestic product

h:

Hour

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

H2S:

Hydrogen cyanide

HCH:

Hexachlorocyclohexane

Hg:

Mercury

Hz:

Hertz

IEM:

Ion-exchange membrane

IrO2 :

Iridium oxide

kW:

Kilowatt

L:

Litre

lb:

Metric pound

m2 :

Square metre

m3 :

Cubic metre

MFC:

Microbial fuel cells

mg:

Milligram

min:

Minute

Mo:

Molybdenum

N:

Nitrogen

N2 :

Atmospheric nitrogen

NAPL:

Non-aqueous phase liquid

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

nZVI:

Nano zero-valent iron

O3 :

Ozone

OH∙ :

Hydroxyl radical

P:

Phosphorous

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Pb:

Palladium

Pb:

Lead

PBDE:

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

PCB:

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PCDDs:

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

PCDFs:

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans

PCE:

Perchloroethylene

PCNs:

Polychlorinated naphthalenes

PCP:

Pentachlorophenol

Pd:

Palladium

PFCs:

Perfluorochemicals

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoate

PFOS:

Perfluorooctane sulfonate

POP:

Priority organic pollutant

QACs:

Quaternary ammonium compounds

s:

Second

S/S:

Solidification/stabilization

Sb2O5 :

Antimony pentoxide

Se:

Selenium

SnO2 :

Tin dioxide

SO2 :

Sulfur dioxide

SVOC:

Semi-volatile organic compounds

t:

Metric ton

TCE:

Trichloroethylene

TCPP:

Tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate

Ti:

Titanium

TMB:

Trimethyl benzene

TNT:

Trinitrotoluene

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TPH:

Total petroleum hydrocarbons

U:

Uranium

US:

United States

UV:

Ultra-violet

VOC:

Volatile organic compounds

W:

Watt

WHO:

World Health Organization

Zn:

Zinc

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Acknowledgement

Financial support for this work was provided by the Australian Government and the University of South Australia in the form of an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship to the first author, in association with the Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE). The first author is also extremely thankful to her Ph.D. colleagues Ms. Luchun Duan and Ms. Ayanka Wijayawardena, CERAR for their support throughout the writing venture.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CERAR-Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia

    Saranya Kuppusamy

  2. CRC CARE-Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment, 486, Salisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia

    Saranya Kuppusamy, Thavamani Palanisami, Mallavarapu Megharaj & Ravi Naidu

  3. GIER- Global Institute for Environmental Research, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia

    Thavamani Palanisami, Mallavarapu Megharaj & Ravi Naidu

  4. Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, 515055, India

    Kadiyala Venkateswarlu

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  1. Saranya Kuppusamy
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  2. Thavamani Palanisami
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  3. Mallavarapu Megharaj
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  4. Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
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  5. Ravi Naidu
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Correspondence to Mallavarapu Megharaj .

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  1. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Pim de Voogt

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Kuppusamy, S., Palanisami, T., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K., Naidu, R. (2016). Ex-Situ Remediation Technologies for Environmental Pollutants: A Critical Perspective. In: de Voogt, P. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 236. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 236. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20013-2_2

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