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Neurotrophic Properties, Chemosensory Responses and Neurogenic Niche of the Human Carotid Body

  • Chapter
Arterial Chemoreceptors in Physiology and Pathophysiology

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 860))

Abstract

The carotid body (CB) is a polymodal chemoreceptor that triggers the hyperventilatory response to hypoxia necessary for the maintenance of O2 homeostasis essential for the survival of organs such as the brain or heart. Glomus cells, the sensory elements in the CB, are also sensitive to hypercapnia, acidosis and, although less generally accepted, hypoglycemia. Current knowledge on CB function is mainly based on studies performed on lower mammals, but the information on the human CB is scant. Here we describe the structure, neurotrophic properties, and cellular responses to hypoxia and hypoglycemia of CBs dissected from human cadavers. The adult CB parenchyma contains clusters of chemosensitive glomus (type I) and sustentacular (type II) cells as well as nestin-positive progenitor cells. This organ also expresses high levels of the dopaminotrophic glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). GDNF production and the number of progenitor and glomus cells were preserved in the CBs of human subjects of advanced age. As reported for other mammalian species, glomus cells responded to hypoxia by external Ca2+-dependent increase of cytosolic [Ca2+] and quantal catecholamine release. Human glomus cells are also responsive to hypoglycemia and together the two stimuli, hypoxia and hypoglycemia, can potentiate each other’s effects. The chemo-sensory responses of glomus cells are also preserved at an advanced age. Interestingly, a neurogenic niche similar to that recently described in rodents is also preserved in the adult human CB. These new data on the cellular and molecular physiology of the CB pave the way for future pathophysiological studies involving this organ in humans.

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Abbreviations

CB:

carotid body

GDNF:

glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

TH:

tyrosine hydroxylase

GFAP:

glial fibrillary acidic protein

DDC:

dopa-decarboxylase

DAPI:

4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole

BDNF:

brain derived neurotrophic factor

IGF-1:

insulin-like growth factor-1

HVA:

Hypoxic ventilatory acclimatization

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Acknowledgements

We wish to express our gratitude to Prof. Antonio Ordoñez as well as the members of the Coordination of Transplants Unit and the Neurosurgery Department of HUVR for their collaboration in the dissection of the vascular segments used in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain

    Patricia Ortega-Sáenz, Javier Villadiego, Ricardo Pardal, Juan José Toledo-Aral & José López-Barneo

  2. Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain

    Patricia Ortega-Sáenz, Javier Villadiego, Ricardo Pardal, Juan José Toledo-Aral & José López-Barneo

  3. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain

    Patricia Ortega-Sáenz, Javier Villadiego, Ricardo Pardal, Juan José Toledo-Aral & José López-Barneo

Authors
  1. Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
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  2. Javier Villadiego
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  3. Ricardo Pardal
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  4. Juan José Toledo-Aral
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  5. José López-Barneo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to José López-Barneo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, United Kingdom

    Chris Peers

  2. College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

    Prem Kumar

  3. Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA

    Christopher Wyatt

  4. Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Estelle Gauda

  5. Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Colin A. Nurse

  6. Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O(2) Sensing Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Nanduri Prabhakar

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Funding

This research was supported by the Botín Foundation and Axontherapix. Support was also received through grants from the ‘Consejería de Salud de la Junta Andalucía’ and the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Innovation, and Health (SAF, FIS, CIBERNED and TERCEL programmes).

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Ortega-Sáenz, P., Villadiego, J., Pardal, R., Toledo-Aral, J.J., López-Barneo, J. (2015). Neurotrophic Properties, Chemosensory Responses and Neurogenic Niche of the Human Carotid Body. In: Peers, C., Kumar, P., Wyatt, C., Gauda, E., Nurse, C., Prabhakar, N. (eds) Arterial Chemoreceptors in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 860. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_16

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