Abstract
As the major trigger of acute allergic reactions, IgE has long been considered an ideal target for anti-allergy treatments. Omalizumab, first approved by the USA in 2003 and now in use in many other countries is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds serum IgE. Anti-IgE therapy using omalizumab reduces circulating free IgE levels and blocks both early and late-phase reactions to allergen challenge. It has proven effective for allergic asthma and is currently being evaluated for use in a number of other atopic conditions including allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Clinical observations and mechanistic studies with omalizumab have shed new light on the multifaceted roles of IgE in immune homeostasis and in allergic disease.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acharya M, Borland G, Edkins AL, Maclellan LM, Matheson J, Ozanne BW, Cushley W (2010) CD23/Fc epsilon RII: molecular multi-tasking. Clin Exp Immunol 162(1):12–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04210.x
Adelroth E, Rak S, Haahtela T, Aasand G, Rosenhall L, Zetterstrom O, Byrne A, Champain K, Thirlwell J, Cioppa GD, Sandstrom T (2000) Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti-IgE mAb, in birch pollen-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106(2):253–259. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.108310
Asai K, Kitaura J, Kawakami Y, Yamagata N, Tsai M, Carbone DP, Liu FT, Galli SJ, Kawakami T (2001) Regulation of mast cell survival by IgE. Immunity 14(6):791–800
Beck LA, Marcotte GV, MacGlashan D, Togias A, Saini S (2004) Omalizumab-induced reductions in mast cell Fc epsilon RI expression and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114(3):527–530
Borkowski TA, Jouvin MH, Lin SY, Kinet JP (2001) Minimal requirements for IgE-mediated regulation of surface Fc epsilon RI. J Immunol 167(3):1290–1296
Boulet LP, Chapman KR, Cote J, Kalra S, Bhagat R, Swystun VA, Laviolette M, Cleland LD, Deschesnes F, Su JQ, DeVault A, Fick RB Jr, Cockcroft DW (1997) Inhibitory effects of an anti-IgE antibody E25 on allergen-induced early asthmatic response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155(6):1835–1840. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196083
Boushey HA Jr (2001) Experiences with monoclonal antibody therapy for allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108(2 Suppl):S77–83
Brightbill HD, Jeet S, Lin Z, Yan D, Zhou M, Tan M, Nguyen A, Yeh S, Delarosa D, Leong SR, Wong T, Chen Y, Ultsch M, Luis E, Ramani SR, Jackman J, Gonzalez L, Dennis MS, Chuntharapai A, DeForge L, Meng YG, Xu M, Eigenbrot C, Lee WP, Refino CJ, Balazs M, Wu LC (2010) Antibodies specific for a segment of human membrane IgE deplete IgE-producing B cells in humanized mice. J Clin Investig 120(6):2218–2229. doi:10.1172/JCI40141
Busse W, Corren J, Lanier BQ, McAlary M, Fowler-Taylor A, Cioppa GD, van As A, Gupta N (2001) Omalizumab, anti-IgE recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108(2):184–190
Busse WW, Morgan WJ, Gergen PJ, Mitchell HE, Gern JE, Liu AH, Gruchalla RS, Kattan M, Teach SJ, Pongracic JA, Chmiel JF, Steinbach SF, Calatroni A, Togias A, Thompson KM, Szefler SJ, Sorkness CA (2011) Randomized trial of omalizumab (anti-IgE) for asthma in inner-city children. N Engl J Med 364(11):1005–1015. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009705
Cameron L, Gounni AS, Frenkiel S, Lavigne F, Vercelli D, Hamid Q (2003) S epsilon S mu and S epsilon S gamma switch circles in human nasal mucosa following ex vivo allergen challenge: evidence for direct as well as sequential class switch recombination. J Immunol 171(7):3816–3822
Casale TB, Bernstein IL, Busse WW, LaForce CF, Tinkelman DG, Stoltz RR, Dockhorn RJ, Reimann J, Su JQ, Fick RB Jr, Adelman DC (1997) Use of an anti-IgE humanized monoclonal antibody in ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 100(1):110–121
Casale TB, Condemi J, LaForce C, Nayak A, Rowe M, Watrous M, McAlary M, Fowler-Taylor A, Racine A, Gupta N, Fick R, Della Cioppa G (2001) Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286(23):2956–2967
Casale TB, Busse WW, Kline JN, Ballas ZK, Moss MH, Townley RG, Mokhtarani M, Seyfert-Margolis V, Asare A, Bateman K, Deniz Y (2006) Omalizumab pretreatment decreases acute reactions after rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117(1):134–140. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.036
Chang TW (2000) The pharmacological basis of anti-IgE therapy. Nat Biotechnol 18(2):157–162
Chang TW, Wu PC, Hsu CL, Hung AF (2007) Anti-IgE antibodies for the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Adv Immunol 93:63–119. doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(06)93002-8
Chervinsky P, Casale T, Townley R, Tripathy I, Hedgecock S, Fowler-Taylor A, Shen H, Fox H (2003) Omalizumab, an anti-IgE antibody, in the treatment of adults and adolescents with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 91(2):160–167. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62171-0
Cohen ES, Dobson CL, Kack H, Wang B, Sims DA, Lloyd CO, England E, Rees DG, Guo H, Karagiannis SN, O’Brien S, Persdotter S, Ekdahl H, Butler R, Keyes F, Oakley S, Carlsson M, Briend E, Wilkinson T, Anderson IK, Monk PD, von Wachenfeldt K, Eriksson PO, Gould HJ, Vaughan TJ, May RD (2014) A novel IgE-neutralizing antibody for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. MAbs 6(3):1
Djukanovic R, Wilson SJ, Kraft M, Jarjour NN, Steel M, Chung KF, Bao W, Fowler-Taylor A, Matthews J, Busse WW, Holgate ST, Fahy JV (2004) Effects of treatment with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody omalizumab on airway inflammation in allergic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(6):583–593. doi:10.1164/rccm.200312-1651OC
Dombrowicz D, Quatannens B, Papin JP, Capron A, Capron M (2000) Expression of a functional Fc epsilon RI on rat eosinophils and macrophages. J Immunol 165(3):1266–1271
Durrani SR, Montville DJ, Pratt AS, Sahu S, DeVries MK, Rajamanickam V, Gangnon RE, Gill MA, Gern JE, Lemanske RF Jr, Jackson DJ (2012) Innate immune responses to rhinovirus are reduced by the high-affinity IgE receptor in allergic asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130(2):489–495. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.023
Eckman JA, Sterba PM, Kelly D, Alexander V, Liu MC, Bochner BS, Macglashan DW Jr, Saini SS (2010) Effects of omalizumab on basophil and mast cell responses using an intranasal cat allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(4):889–895. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.012 e887
Eggel A, Baravalle G, Hobi G, Kim B, Buschor P, Forrer P, Shin JS, Vogel M, Stadler BM, Dahinden CA, Jardetzky TS (2014) Accelerated dissociation of IgE-Fc epsilon RI complexes by disruptive inhibitors actively desensitizes allergic effector cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133(6):1709–1719. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.005
Fahy JV, Fleming HE, Wong HH, Liu JT, Su JQ, Reimann J, Fick RB Jr, Boushey HA (1997) The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early-and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155(6):1828–1834. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196082
Foroughi S, Foster B, Kim N, Bernardino LB, Scott LM, Hamilton RG, Metcalfe DD, Mannon PJ, Prussin C (2007) Anti-IgE treatment of eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120(3):594–601. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.015
Fox JA, Hotaling TE, Struble C, Ruppel J, Bates DJ, Schoenhoff MB (1996) Tissue distribution and complex formation with IgE of an anti-IgE antibody after intravenous administration in cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 279(2):1000–1008
Gill MA, Bajwa G, George TA, Dong CC, Dougherty II, Jiang N, Gan VN, Gruchalla RS (2010) Counterregulation between the Fc epsilon RI pathway and antiviral responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol 184(11):5999–6006. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0901194
Gould HJ, Sutton BJ (2008) IgE in allergy and asthma today. Nat Rev Immunol 8(3):205–217. doi:10.1038/nri2273
Gould HJ, Sutton BJ, Beavil AJ, Beavil RL, McCloskey N, Coker HA, Fear D, Smurthwaite L (2003) The biology of IGE and the basis of allergic disease. Annu Rev Immunol 21:579–628
Grattan CE, Francis DM, Hide M, Greaves MW (1991) Detection of circulating histamine releasing autoantibodies with functional properties of anti-IgE in chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy 21(6):695–704
Grayson MH, Cheung D, Rohlfing MM, Kitchens R, Spiegel DE, Tucker J, Battaile JT, Alevy Y, Yan L, Agapov E, Kim EY, Holtzman MJ (2007) Induction of high-affinity IgE receptor on lung dendritic cells during viral infection leads to mucous cell metaplasia. J Exp Med 204(11):2759–2769
Haak-Frendscho M, Robbins K, Lyon R, Shields R, Hooley J, Schoenhoff M, Jardieu P (1994) Administration of an anti-IgE antibody inhibits CD23 expression and IgE production in vivo. Immunol 82(2):306–313
Hanf G, Noga O, O’Connor A, Kunkel G (2004) Omalizumab inhibits allergen challenge-induced nasal response. Eur Respir J 23(3):414–418
Heil PM, Maurer D, Klein B, Hultsch T, Stingl G (2010) Omalizumab therapy in atopic dermatitis: depletion of IgE does not improve the clinical course—a randomized, placebo-controlled and double blind pilot study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 8(12):990–998. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07497.x
Hide M, Francis DM, Grattan CE, Hakimi J, Kochan JP, Greaves MW (1993) Autoantibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. N Engl J Med 328(22):1599–1604. doi:10.1056/NEJM199306033282204
Incorvaia C, Mauro M, Russello M, Formigoni C, Riario-Sforza GG, Ridolo E (2014) Omalizumab, an anti-immunoglobulin E antibody: state of the art. Drug Des Devel Ther 8:197–207. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S49409
James LC, Roversi P, Tawfik DS (2003) Antibody multispecificity mediated by conformational diversity. Science 299(5611):1362–1367. doi:10.1126/science.1079731
Kalesnikoff J, Huber M, Lam V, Damen JE, Zhang J, Siraganian RP, Krystal G (2001) Monomeric IgE stimulates signaling pathways in mast cells that lead to cytokine production and cell survival. Immunity 14(6):801–811
Kaplan AP, Joseph K, Maykut RJ, Geba GP, Zeldin RK (2008) Treatment of chronic autoimmune urticaria with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122(3):569–573. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.006
Kaplan A, Ledford D, Ashby M, Canvin J, Zazzali JL, Conner E, Veith J, Kamath N, Staubach P, Jakob T, Stirling RG, Kuna P, Berger W, Maurer M, Rosen K (2013) Omalizumab in patients with symptomatic chronic idiopathic/spontaneous urticaria despite standard combination therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 132(1):101–109. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.013
Kashiwakura J, Okayama Y, Furue M, Kabashima K, Shimada S, Ra C, Siraganian RP, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T (2012) Most highly cytokinergic IgEs have polyreactivity to autoantigens. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 4(6):332–340. doi:10.4168/aair.2012.4.6.332
Kikuchi Y, Kaplan AP (2001) Mechanisms of autoimmune activation of basophils in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107(6):1056–1062. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.115484
Kisselgof AB, Oettgen HC (1998) The expression of murine B cell CD23, in vivo, is regulated by its ligand, IgE. Int Immunol 10(9):1377–1384
Kraft S, Kinet JP (2007) New developments in Fc epsilon RI regulation, function and inhibition. Nat Rev Immunol 7(5):365–378. doi:10.1038/nri2072
Kubo S, Nakayama T, Matsuoka K, Yonekawa H, Karasuyama H (2003) Long term maintenance of IgE-mediated memory in mast cells in the absence of detectable serum IgE. J Immunol 170(2):775–780
Kuehr J, Brauburger J, Zielen S, Schauer U, Kamin W, Von Berg A, Leupold W, Bergmann KC, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Grave M, Hultsch T, Wahn U (2002) Efficacy of combination treatment with anti-IgE plus specific immunotherapy in polysensitized children and adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109(2):274–280
Lanier B, Bridges T, Kulus M, Taylor AF, Berhane I, Vidaurre CF (2009) Omalizumab for the treatment of exacerbations in children with inadequately controlled allergic (IgE-mediated) asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124(6):1210–1216. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.021
Lemanske RF Jr, Nayak A, McAlary M, Everhard F, Fowler-Taylor A, Gupta N (2002) Omalizumab improves asthma-related quality of life in children with allergic asthma. Pediatrics 110(5):e55
Leung DY, Sampson HA, Yunginger JW, Burks AW Jr, Schneider LC, Wortel CH, Davis FM, Hyun JD, Shanahan WR Jr (2003) Effect of anti-IgE therapy in patients with peanut allergy. N Engl J Med 348(11):986–993
Lin S, Cicala C, Scharenberg AM, Kinet JP (1996) The Fc(epsilon)RI beta subunit functions as an amplifier of Fc(epsilon)RI gamma-mediated cell activation signals. Cell 85(7):985–995
Liu J, Lester P, Builder S, Shire SJ (1995) Characterization of complex formation by humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody and monoclonal human IgE. Biochemistry 34(33):10474–10482
MacGlashan D Jr (2008) IgE receptor and signal transduction in mast cells and basophils. Curr Opin Immunol 20(6):717–723. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2008.08.004
MacGlashan DW Jr, Bochner BS, Adelman DC, Jardieu PM, Togias A, McKenzie-White J, Sterbinsky SA, Hamilton RG, Lichtenstein LM (1997) Down-regulation of Fc(epsilon)RI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody. J Immunol 158(3):1438–1445
Massanari M, Milgrom H, Pollard S, Maykut RJ, Kianifard F, Fowler-Taylor A, Geba GP, Zeldin RK (2009) Adding omalizumab to the therapy of adolescents with persistent uncontrolled moderate–severe allergic asthma. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 48(8):859–865. doi:10.1177/0009922809339054
Massanari M, Nelson H, Casale T, Busse W, Kianifard F, Geba GP, Zeldin RK (2010) Effect of pretreatment with omalizumab on the tolerability of specific immunotherapy in allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(2):383–389. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.022
Mathias CB, Freyschmidt EJ, Caplan B, Jones T, Poddighe D, Xing W, Harrison KL, Gurish MF, Oettgen HC (2009) IgE influences the number and function of mature mast cells, but not progenitor recruitment in allergic pulmonary inflammation. J Immunol 182(4):2416–2424. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0801569 [pii] 182/4/2416
Matsubara S, Li G, Takeda K, Loader JE, Pine P, Masuda ES, Miyahara N, Miyahara S, Lucas JJ, Dakhama A, Gelfand EW (2006) Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase prevents mast cell activation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173(1):56–63. doi:10.1164/rccm.200503-361OC
Maurer M, Rosen K, Hsieh HJ, Saini S, Grattan C, Gimenez-Arnau A, Agarwal S, Doyle R, Canvin J, Kaplan A, Casale T (2013) Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med 368(10):924–935. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1215372
Milgrom H, Fick RB Jr, Su JQ, Reimann JD, Bush RK, Watrous ML, Metzger WJ (1999) Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. rhuMAb-E25 study group. N Engl J Med 341(26):1966–1973
Milgrom H, Berger W, Nayak A, Gupta N, Pollard S, McAlary M, Taylor AF, Rohane P (2001) Treatment of childhood asthma with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab). Pediatrics 108(2):E36
Moy LY, Jia Y, Caniga M, Lieber G, Gil M, Fernandez X, Sirkowski E, Miller R, Alexander JP, Lee HH, Shin JD, Ellis JM, Chen H, Wilhelm A, Yu H, Vincent S, Chapman RW, Kelly N, Hickey E, Abraham WM, Northrup A, Miller T, Houshyar H, Crackower MA (2013) Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase attenuates allergen-mediated airway constriction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 49(6):1085–1092. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0200OC
Nadeau KC, Schneider LC, Hoyte L, Borras I, Umetsu DT (2011) Rapid oral desensitization in combination with omalizumab therapy in patients with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127(6):1622–1624. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.009
Noga O, Hanf G, Kunkel G (2003) Immunological and clinical changes in allergic asthmatics following treatment with omalizumab. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 131(1):46–52 doi: 70434
Normansell R, Walker S, Milan SJ, Walters EH, Nair P (2014) Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD003559. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003559.pub4
Ong YE, Menzies-Gow A, Barkans J, Benyahia F, Ou TT, Ying S, Kay AB (2005) Anti-IgE (omalizumab) inhibits late-phase reactions and inflammatory cells after repeat skin allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116(3):558–564. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.035
Pelaia G, Gallelli L, Renda T, Romeo P, Busceti MT, Grembiale RD, Maselli R, Marsico SA, Vatrella A (2011) Update on optimal use of omalizumab in management of asthma. J Asthma Allergy 4:49–59. doi:10.2147/JAA.S14520
Penton PC, Wang X, Amatullah H, Cooper J, Godri K, North ML, Khanna N, Scott JA, Chow CW (2013) Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness and pollution-induced enhanced airway response in a chronic mouse model of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131(2):512–520. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.039 e511-510
Plewako H, Arvidsson M, Petruson K, Oancea I, Holmberg K, Adelroth E, Gustafsson H, Sandstrom T, Rak S (2002) The effect of omalizumab on nasal allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 110(1):68–71
Presta LG, Lahr SJ, Shields RL, Porter JP, Gorman CM, Fendly BM, Jardieu PM (1993) Humanization of an antibody directed against IgE. J Immunol 151(5):2623–2632
Prussin C, Griffith DT, Boesel KM, Lin H, Foster B, Casale TB (2003) Omalizumab treatment downregulates dendritic cell Fc epsilon RI expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112(6):1147–1154
Saini SS, MacGlashan DW Jr, Sterbinsky SA, Togias A, Adelman DC, Lichtenstein LM, Bochner BS (1999) Down-regulation of human basophil IgE and FC epsilon RI alpha surface densities and mediator release by anti-IgE-infusions is reversible in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 162(9):5624–5630
Saini SS, Klion AD, Holland SM, Hamilton RG, Bochner BS, Macglashan DW Jr (2000) The relationship between serum IgE and surface levels of Fc epsilon R on human leukocytes in various diseases: correlation of expression with Fc epsilon RI on basophils but not on monocytes or eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106(3):514–520
Sampson HA, Leung DY, Burks AW, Lack G, Bahna SL, Jones SM, Wong DA (2011) A phase II, randomized, doubleblind, parallelgroup, placebocontrolled oral food challenge trial of Xolair (omalizumab) in peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127(5):1309–1310. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.051 e1301
Schneider LC, Rachid R, Lebovidge J, Blood E, Mittal M, Umetsu DT (2013) A pilot study of omalizumab to facilitate rapid oral desensitization in high-risk peanut-allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 132(6):1368–1374. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.046
Schroeder JT, Bieneman AP, Chichester KL, Hamilton RG, Xiao H, Saini SS, Liu MC (2010) Decreases in human dendritic cell-dependent T(H)2-like responses after acute in vivo IgE neutralization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125(4):896–901. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.021 e896
Sheinkopf LE, Rafi AW, Do LT, Katz RM, Klaustermeyer WB (2008) Efficacy of omalizumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a pilot study. Allergy Asthma Proc 29(5):530–537. doi:10.2500/aap.2008.29.3160
Soler M, Matz J, Townley R, Buhl R, O’Brien J, Fox H, Thirlwell J, Gupta N, Della Cioppa G (2001) The anti-IgE antibody omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics. Eur Respir J 18(2):254–261
Sutton BJ, Gould HJ (1993) The human IgE network. Nature 366(6454):421–428. doi:10.1038/366421a0
Sykes A, Edwards MR, Macintyre J, del Rosario A, Bakhsoliani E, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Kon OM, Mallia P, McHale M, Johnston SL (2012) Rhinovirus 16-induced IFN-alpha and IFN-beta are deficient in bronchoalveolar lavage cells in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129(6):1506–1514. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.03.044 e1506
Xiong H, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Lafaille JJ (2012) What is unique about the IgE response? Adv Immunol 116:113–141. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394300-2.00004-1
Yamaguchi M, Lantz CS, Oettgen HC, Katona IM, Fleming T, Miyajima I, Kinet JP, Galli SJ (1997) IgE enhances mouse mast cell Fc(epsilon)RI expression in vitro and in vivo: evidence for a novel amplification mechanism in IgE-dependent reactions. J Exp Med 185(4):663–672
Yamamoto N, Takeshita K, Shichijo M, Kokubo T, Sato M, Nakashima K, Ishimori M, Nagai H, Li YF, Yura T, Bacon KB (2003) The orally available spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor 2-[7-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1, 2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino]nicotinamide dihydrochloride (BAY 61-3606) blocks antigen-induced airway inflammation in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306(3):1174–1181. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.052316
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Logsdon, S.L., Oettgen, H.C. (2015). Anti-IgE Therapy: Clinical Utility and Mechanistic Insights. In: Lafaille, J., Curotto de Lafaille, M. (eds) IgE Antibodies: Generation and Function. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 388. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13725-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13725-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13724-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-13725-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)