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Regulated Exocytosis in Astrocytes is as Slow as the Metabolic Availability of Gliotransmitters: Focus on Glutamate and ATP

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Glutamate and ATP at the Interface of Metabolism and Signaling in the Brain

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 11))

Abstract

It is becoming clear that astrocytes, the most abundant type of glial cells in the mammalian brain, share many properties with neurons. One such property involves vesicles, which play a key role in cell-to-cell signaling. On the one hand, vesicles determine the signaling potential by delivering various receptors and transporters to the plasma membrane by vesicular exocytosis. On the other hand, vesicles are used in astrocytes for the release of vesicle-laden chemical messengers. This chapter compares the properties of Ca2+-dependent fusion of the vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane in astrocytes and in neurons, monitored by membrane capacitance techniques. Moreover, we focus on membrane-bound vesicles that store gliotransmitters, glutamate, and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), to learn why regulated exocytosis in astrocytes is orders of magnitude slower than in neurons and the fact that these signaling molecules are also metabolites. The relatively slow kinetics of regulated exocytosis in astrocytes likely involves vesicle dynamics regulation and mechanisms governing the merger of the vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane, but may also depend on the availability of ATP and glutamate in metabolic pathways for packaging into vesicles via specific vesicle transporters.

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Acknowledgements

The authors’ work is supported by grants from the Slovenian Research Agency (P3 310, J3 4051, J3 4146, L3 3654; J3 3236), CIPKEBIP, and COST Nanonet.

Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia

    Nina Vardjan, Marko Kreft & Robert Zorec

  2. Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia

    Nina Vardjan, Marko Kreft & Robert Zorec

  3. Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia

    Marko Kreft

Authors
  1. Nina Vardjan
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  2. Marko Kreft
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  3. Robert Zorec
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Zorec .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurobiology CIRC 429, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Vladimir Parpura

  2. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe

  3. Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Alexei Verkhratsky

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Vardjan, N., Kreft, M., Zorec, R. (2014). Regulated Exocytosis in Astrocytes is as Slow as the Metabolic Availability of Gliotransmitters: Focus on Glutamate and ATP. In: Parpura, V., Schousboe, A., Verkhratsky, A. (eds) Glutamate and ATP at the Interface of Metabolism and Signaling in the Brain. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_5

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