Skip to main content

Diseases of the Kidney

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Family Medicine

Abstract

The nephritic syndrome is acute in onset and associated with oliguria, azotemia, hypertension, and proteinuria of variable quantity. Hematuria (usually dysmorphic) and RBC casts are the hallmark of glomerular inflammation and glomerular basement membrane disruption. A diverse group of diseases cause the syndrome and the presentation is often dramatic and can be life threatening.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 849.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Van De Voorde 3rd RG. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: the most common acute glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Rev. 2015;36:3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wyatt RJ, Julian BA. IgA nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2402–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ortega LM, Schultz DR, Lenz O, Pardo V, Contreras GN. Review: lupus nephritis: pathologic features, epidemiology and a guide to therapeutic decisions. Lupus. 2010;19:557–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hellmark T, Segelmark M. Diagnosis and classification of Goodpasture’s disease (anti-GBM). J Autoimmun. 2014;48–49:108–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Falk RS, Jennette CJ. ANCA disease; where is this field heading? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:745–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rodríguez-Iturbe B, Herrera-Acosta J, Johnson RJ. Interstitial inflammation, sodium retention, and the pathogenesis of nephrotic edema: a unifying hypothesis. Kidney Int. 2002;62(4):1379–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mahmoodi BK, ten Kate MK, Waanders F, Veeger NJ, Brouwer JL, Vogt L, Navis G, van der Meer J. High absolute risks and predictors of venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with nephrotic syndrome: results from a large retrospective cohort study. Circulation. 2008;117(2):224–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hull RP, Goldsmith DJA. Nephrotic syndrome in adults. BMJ. 2008;336(7654):1185–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Beck Jr LH, Bonegio RG, Lambeau G, Beck DM, Powell DW, Cummins TD, Klein JB, Salant DJ. M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(1):11–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Ponticelli C, Passerini P. Treatment of the nephrotic syndrome associated with primary glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 1994;46:595–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Beck Jr LH, Fervenza FC, Beck DM, Bonegio RG, Malik FA, Erickson SB, Cosio FG, Cattran DC, Salant DJ. Rituximab-induced depletion of anti-PLA2R autoantibodies predicts response in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(8):1543–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Ruggenenti P, Cravedi P, Chianca A, Perna A, Ruggiero B, Gaspari F, Rambaldi A, Marasà M, Remuzzi G. Rituximab in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(8):1416–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G, Locatelli F, Mann JF, Motolese M, Ponticelli C, Ritz E, Zucchelli P. Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:939–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schmitz PG. Renal: an integrated approach to disease. New York: McGraw Hill-Lange; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Mahnensmith RL. Novel treatments of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:831–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Case J, Khan S, Khalid R, Khan A. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Res Pract. 2013;2013:479730. doi:10.1155/2013/479730, Epub 2013 Mar 21.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Hackworth LA, Wen X, Clermont G, et al. Hospital versus community acquired acute kidney injury in the critically ill: differences in epidemiology (abstr). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:115A.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kaufman J, Dhakal M, Patel B, Hamburger R. Community-acquired acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;17(2):191–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Liaño F, Pascual J, The Madrid Acute Renal Failure Study Group. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: a prospective, multicenter, community-based study. Kidney Int. 1996;50:811–8. doi:10.1038/ki.1996.380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Christensen PK, Hansen HP, Parving HH. Impaired autoregulation of GFR in hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Kidney Int. 1997;52(5):1369–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nguyen MT, Maynard SE, Kimmel PL. Misapplications of commonly used kidney equations: renal physiology in practice. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:528–34. doi:10.2215/CJN.05731108.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D. The meaning of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5:187–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2012;2:1–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Investigators ACT. Acetylcysteine for prevention of renal outcomes in patients undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography. Circulation. 2011;124:1250–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hsu RK, Hsu CY. Proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate as risk factors for acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:211–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Acute kidney injury. Lancet. 2012;380:756–66. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61454-2).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cartin-Ceba R, Kashiouris M, Plataki M, Kor DJ, Gajic O, Casey ET. Factors for development of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:691013, 15 Risk.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Murray PT, Liu KD (co-editors), Goldfarb S (editor-in-chief), Townsend RR (deputy editor) Acute kidney injury and critical care nephrology. Nephrology Self-Assessment Program. 2013;2(2):106–111.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Thakar CV, Christianson A, Himmelfarb J, Leonard AC. Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2567–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Chronic Kidney Disease Survellence Program. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/programs/initiatives/kidney.html (2014). Accessed 25 Nov 2014.

  31. Keith DS, Nicols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(6):659–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Abramson JL, Jurkovitz CT, Vaccarino V, Weintraub WS, McClellan W. Chronic kidney disease, anemia and incident of stroke in a middle-aged, community-based population: The ARIC Study. Kidney Int. 2003;64(2):610–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. O’Hare AM, Choi AI, Bertenthal D, et al. Age affects outcomes in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2758–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;3:1–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Chawla LS, Eggers PW, Star RA, Kimmel PL. Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as interconnected syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Supplement 1):S14–80.

    Google Scholar 

  37. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guiudelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(2 suppl 1):S1–266.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Paul AJ, Suzanne O, Barry LC, William CC, Cheryl D-H, Joel H, Daniel TL, Michael LL, Thomas DM, Olugbenga O, Sidney CS, Laura PS, Sandra JT, Raymond RT, Jackson TW; Andrew SN, Eduardo O. Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint national committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–20.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Chow WH, Gridley G, Fraumeni Jr JF, Jarvholm B. Obesity, hypertension, and the risk of kidney cancer in men. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1305–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, et al. Identifi cation of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science. 1993;260:1317–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cohen HT, McGovern FJ. Renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2477–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMra043172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. American Urological Association (AUA) Guideline diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up of asymptomatic microhematuria in adults: AUA guideline 2012. https://www.auanet.org/common/pdf/education/clinical-guidance/Asymptomatic-Microhematuria.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2014

  43. Bing Chen, Zhao-Chong Zeng, Guo-Min Wang, Li Zhang, Zong-Ming Lin, Li-An Sun, Tong-Yu Zhu, Li-Li Wu, Jian-Ying Zhang, Yuan Ji. Radiotherapy may improve overall survival of patients with T3/T4 transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter and delay bladder tumour relapse. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:297. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-297.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. American Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/detailedguide/bladder-cancer-key-statistics. Accessed 11 Nov 2014.

  45. Kaufman DS, Shipley WU, Feldman AS. Bladder cancer. Lancet. 2009;374:239–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Miyake M, Goodison S, Rizwani W, Ross S, Bart Grossman H, Rosser CJ. Urinary BTA: indicator of bladder cancer or of hematuria. World J Urol. 2012;30(6):869–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/wilms/HealthProfessional/page2#Reference2.102. Accessed 16 Nov 2014.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Margaret Baumgarten .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland (outside the USA)

About this entry

Cite this entry

Baumgarten, M., Gehr, T.W.B., Carl, D. (2017). Diseases of the Kidney. In: Paulman, P., Taylor, R., Paulman, A., Nasir, L. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04414-9_104

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04414-9_104

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-04413-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-04414-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics