Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dynamics in the Making of Labour Markets

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Reconstruction of Post-War Labour Markets in The Southern African Development Community

  • 52 Accesses

Abstract

This is the first of four chapters that constitute the empirical section of the book. It applies the conceptual and theoretical views in Chapter 3 to the historical development of the labour market in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by tracing the country’s past labour market and its contribution to the current shape of the market. Hence, the chapter analyses the implementation of the forced labour regime in the Congo Free State (1885–1908) and the racialised dual labour market in the Belgian Congo (1908–1960) and shows how wars in the country balkanised its post-independence labour market (1960–1965) and how the labour market experienced endless regress during President Mobutu (1965–1997) and President Laurent-Désiré Kabila’s (1997–2001) respective administrations. The chapter further examines factors that conditioned and inhibited attempts by the state to achieve post-war labour market reconstruction between 2003 and 2019 in President Joseph Kabila’s administration (2001–2019).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This was a gendarmerie and military force throughout the period of Belgian colonial rule.

  2. 2.

    On the 16 January 2001, the President Laurent D. Kabila was killed by his bodyguard. Then, the Minister of information officially announced that the Congolese government found it convenient to designate Joseph Kabila as the successor of his father (see Nzongola-Ntalaja 2004).

  3. 3.

    Corruption in the public labour market was enacted in two ways in particular. In what was colloquially called an opération retour (‘return operation’), a person would be hired if he/she agreed to pay 10% of the salary to the person who hired him/her. And in a promotion canapée (with a canapé being a decorative sofa), a woman will be hired or promoted if she agrees to grant sexual favours to the person hiring her.

  4. 4.

    In a promotion canapée (with a canapé being a decorative sofa), a woman will be hired or promoted if she agrees to grant sexual favours to the person hiring her.

  5. 5.

    Nouvelles Unités were new recruits who did not have a civil service registration number because they were not yet integrated into the public administration system. They were recognised only by their employers (line ministries, provincial governments, and public enterprises) (Ministère de la Fonction Publique 2014).

References

  • Abbeloos, Jan-Frederick. 2008. “Belgium's Expensionist History Between 1870 and 1930: Imperialism and the Globalisation of Belgian Business.” in Europe and Its Empire, edited by Csaba Levai. Pisa: Plus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, Gulzar, and Muhamad Safeer Awan. 2017. “Colonialism and Its Socio-Politico and Economic Impact: A Case Study of the Colonized Congo.” The Dialogue 12(3):311–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aterido, Reyes, Alvaro Gonzalez, Dino Merotto, Carly Petracco, and Javier Sanchez-Reaza. 2017. Democratic Republic of Congo Jobs Diagnostic. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Au, Sokhieng. 2017. “Medical Orders: Catholic and Protestant Missionary Medicine in the Belgian Congo 1880–1940.” BMGN-Low Countries Historical Review 132(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Autesserre, Severine. 2010. The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bach, Daniel C. 2011. “Patrimonialism and Neopatrimonialism: Comparative Trajectories and Readings.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 49(3):275–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basila, Jean-Pierre Kilenda Kakengi. 2004. L'affaire des 315 magistrats de Kinshasa: Une purge néo mobutiste. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezy, Ferdinand 1957. Problemes Structurels de l'economie Congolaise. Louvain: Nauwelearts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bossekota, Leopold Watshia, and Jacques Kiseta Sabiti. 2001. “RD Congo: Dernier pays du Monde ?” in Rapport d'OBSAM, edited by Leopold Watshia Bossekota and Jacques Kiseta Sabiti. Kinshasa: Universite Technologique Bel Campus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouvier, Paule, and Jean Tshonda Omasombo. 2017. “Conjonctures Congolaises 2016. Glissement politique, recul économique.” Pp. 13 in RDC 2016: une année électorale sans élections, edited by Aymar Nyenyezi Bisoka, Sara Geenen, An Ansoms, and Jean Omasombo Tshonda. Paris: Éditions L’Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brausch, Georges. 1961. Belgian Administration in the Congo. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Congo Belge. 1922a. “Arrêté Royal du 05 Fevrier 1922 portant Statut des fonctionnaires et agents du la Colonie, autres que les agents de l'ordre judiciaire.” Bruxelles Bulletin Officiel du Congo Belge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Congo Belge. 1922b. “Arrêté royal du 27 fevrier 1922 portant Statut du personnels Africains de la Colonie.” Bruxelles Bulletin Official du Congo Belge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Congo Belge. 1922c. “contrat de travail entre indigènes et maîtres civilisés.” Bruxelles Bulletin officiel du Congo belge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Congo Belge. 1922d. “Décret royal du 13 Mars 1922 portant le louage de services privés des Européens.” Bruxelles Bulletin officiel du Congo belge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, John. 1908. “The Congo Question and the “Belgian Solution”.” The North American Review 188(637):891–902.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boeck, Filip 2004. “On Being Shege in Kinshasa: Children, the Occult and the Street.” Pp. 155–73 in Reinventing Order in the Congo: How People Respond to State Failure in Kinshasa, edited by Theodore Trefon. London and New York: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Clerck, Louis. 2006. “L'administration coloniale belge sur le terrain au Congo (1908–1960) et au Ruanda-Urundi (1925–1962).” Annuaire d’Histoire administrative européenne 18:187–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Herdt, Tom, and Stefaan Marysse. 1996. L'économie informelle au Zaïre.(Sur) vie et pauvreté dans la période de transition. Paris: L'Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, Michael J. 1999. “The ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labor.” American Journal of International Law 93(4):943–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diumasumbu, Raphaël Mukanga. 2008. “Réforme administrative de la République démocratique du Congo: leçons et travers du passé.” Afrique contemporaine (3):95–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewans, Martin. 2003. “Belgium and the Colonial Experience.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 11(2):167–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel 1975. Surveiller et punir. Paris: Gallimard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gondola, Ch. 1997. “Unies pour le meilleur et pour le pire. Femmes africaines et villes coloniales: une histoire du métissage.” Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire 6(2):87–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskin, Jeanne M. 2005. The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. New York: Algora Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herderschee, Johannes, Kai-Alexander Kaiser, and Daniel Mukoko Samba. 2011. Resilience of an African Giant: Boosting Growth and Development in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, Adam. 1998. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston and New York First Mariner Books Edition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houben, Vincent, and Julia Seibert. 2013. “(Un) freedom: Colonial Labor Relations in Belgian Congo and the Netherlands Indies Compared.” Pp. 198–212 in Colonial Exploitation and Economic Development. The Belgian Congo and the Netherlands Indies Compared, edited by Ewout Frankema and Frans Buelens. New York and London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO, International Labour Organization. 1999. The ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention [Online]. Geneva: The ILO. Available: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C182 [Accessed 22sd April 2018].

  • Ilofo, Ise Etenteke-Elongo. 1973. “Essai sur la Reglementation du Service National de l'Emploi au Zaire (Titre XI, Chapitre de l'ordonnance-loi No 67/310 du 9 aout 1967 portant code du travail).” in Faculte de Droit. Kinshasa: Universite Nationale du Zaire, Campus de Kinshasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMF, International Monetary Fund. 2007. “Democratic Republic of the Congo: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix.” in IMF country report No. 05/373. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inaka, Saint José 2020. “Post-war Labour Market Reconstruction: The Case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” in Doctoral dissertation, Sociology. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • INS, Institut National de la Statistique. 2014. “Rapport Global, Enquete 1–2–3. Resultats de l’enquete sur l’emploi, le secteur informel et sur la consommation des menages.” in Rapport Global Kinshasa INS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inter-Congolese Dialogue. 2002. Global and All-Inclusive Agreement on the Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishako, Peru. 2018. “ La logique propre dans des activités informelles. Cas des vendeurs du Marché Gambela.” in Sociologie. Universite de Kinshasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewsiewicki, B. 1977. “The Great Depression and the Making of the Colonial Economic System in the Belgian Congo.” African Economic History (4):153–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kairouz, Matthieu. 2016. “Ce jour-là: le 11 juillet 1960, le Katanga proclame son indépendance.” in Jeune Afrique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalulu, Théophile Yuma. 2013. “La Fonction publique congolaise (Zaïre) face aux défis de son renouvellement.” Pp. 240 in Les réformes du secteur public en République démocratique du Congo. Rétrospectives et perspectives, edited by Camille Elatre Welepele and Hubert Lukunga Ntumba Cordosia Dakar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kankwanda, Grégoire, Timothée Makabu Ma Nkenda, Björn Nilsson, François Roubaud, Constance Torelli, and Jean-Michel Wachsberger. 2014. Le marché du travail en République Démocratique du Congo en 2012: Principaux résultats de la Phase 1 de l’Enquête 1-2-3. Kinshasa et Paris INS et UMR DIAL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawu, Théodore Kaminar Nsiy. 2013. “Enjeux politiques et administratifs de la privatisation des entreprises publiques en République démocratique du Congo (RDC).” Pp. 37–58 in Les réformes du secteur public en République démocratique du Congo., edited by Camille Elatre Welepele and Hubert Lukunga Ntumba. Dakar: CODESRIA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisangani, Emizet Francois, and Scott F. Bobb. 2010. Historical Dictionary of the Republic Democratic of the Congo. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodi, Muzong. 2008. Corruption and Governance in the DRC During the Transition Period (2003–2006). Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larmer, Miles, and Erik Kennes. 2014. “Rethinking the Katangese Secession.” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 42(4):741–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, Winsome J. 1993. Zaire. Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State. Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumbu, Manasse Mangbanga. 2004. “Les Ministres de Mobutu (1965–1990), Memoire de Licence en Histoire.” in Department de l'Histoire, Faculte de Lettres et Sciences Humaines. Kinshasa: Universite de Kinshasa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lwamba, Bilonda. 1985. “Histoire du Mouvement Ouvrier au Congo Belge (1994–1960): Cas de la Province de Kattanga, These de doctorat en Histoire.” in Faculte de Lettres, Departement de l'histoire. Lubumbashi: Universite de Lubumbashi.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacGaffey, Janet. 1983. “How to Survive and Become Rich Amidst Devastation: The Second Economy in Zaire.” African Affairs 82(328):351–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manwana, Mungongo. 1987. “Evolution de l'Emploi au Zaire: Avant et Apres l'Independance.” Zaire-Afrique 220:595–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marriage, Zoe. 2011. “Divisive ‘Commonality’: State and Insecurity in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Third World Quarterly 32(10):1891–1910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matata Ponyo, Mapon. 2016. Qualite des institutions et resultats economiques en Republique democratique du Congo 1980-2015. Paris: Editions L'L'Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matenda, Athanase Kyelu. 2002. Fédération des Entreprises du Congo [Online]. CBC. Available: www.winne.com/congo/to05.html [Accessed 9 May 2019].

  • Mazalto, Marie. 2009. “Governance, Human Rights and Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Pp. 187–242 in Mining in Africa: Regulation and Development, edited by Bonnie Campbell. New York: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministère de la Fonction Publique. 2014. Le Journal du Fonctionnaire No. 1. Kinshasa Syrius Presse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministère de la Fonction Publique. 2017. “Cadre Stratégique Général Révise de la Réforme et Modernisation de l'Administration Publique.” edited by Ministère de la Fonction Publique. Kinshasa: Journal Officiel

    Google Scholar 

  • Moshonas, Stylianos. 2014. “The Politics of Civil Service Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 52(2):251–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moshonas, Stylianos. 2018. Power and Policy-Making in the DR Congo: The Politics of Human Resource Management and Payroll Reform. Brussels: Universiteit Antwerpen, Institute of Development Policy (IOB).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moshonas, Stylianos. 2019. “Reform of the Public Wage System in the DRC: The Système Intégré de Gestion des Ressources Humaines et de la Paie and Its Prospects.” Pp. 26–50 in Negotiating Public Services in the Congo: State, Society and Governance, edited by Stylianos Moshonas, Tom De Herdt, and Kristof Titeca. London: Zed Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mpinga, Kasenda, and David J. Gould. 1975. Les Réformes Administratives Au Zaïre, 1972–1973. Kinshasa: PUZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzito, Adolphe. 2015. Le Chomage en RDC: Hier, aujourd’hui et demain. [Online]. The Eastern Congo Tribune. Available: https://edrcrdf.wordpress.com/2015/06/19/le-chomage-en-rdc-hier-aujourdhui-et-demain-selon-adolphe-muzito/ [Accessed 19 Septmber 2020].

  • Mwabila, Malala. 1979. Travail et Travailleurs au Zaire: Essai sur la Conscience Ouvriere du Proletariat Urbain de Lubumbashi. Kinshasa: Presse Universitaire du Zaire.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndaywel, Isidore è Nziem. 1998. Histoire générale du Congo. De l’héritage ancien à la République Démocratique. Bruxelles: Duculot Afrique Editions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngoy-Kangoy, H Kabungulu. 2006. Parties and Political Transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Johannesburg: EISA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. 2002. The Congo: From Leopold II to Kabila. A People's History. London: Zed Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. 2004. From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Uppsala: Nordic Afrika Institutet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppong, Joseph R. 2007. Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: Chelsea House

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkham, Thomas. 1992. The Scamble for Africa: The White Man’s Conquest of the Dark Contienent for 1976 and 1912. London: Abacus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radio Okapi. 2015a. RDC: près de 50 000 emplois ont été créés en 2015, selon Matata Ponyo [Online]. Available: https://www.radiookapi.net/2016/02/03/actualite/politique/rdc-pres-de-50-000-emplois-ont-ete-crees-en-2015-selon-matata-ponyo [Accessed 29 September 2020].

  • Radio Okapi. 2015b. RDC: résultats mitigés de la réforme de l'administration publique [Online]. Available: https://www.radiookapi.net/politique/2015/07/10/rdc-resultats-mitiges-de-la-reforme-de-ladministration-publique/ [Accessed 11 June 2019].

  • République démocratique du Congo. 2002a. “Décret n° 2002/065 du 05 juin 2002 portant statuts, organisation et fonctionnement de l’agence nationale pour la promotion des investissements, en sigle «ANAPI»”, edited by Cabinet de la President de la Republique. Kinshasa: Journal Officiel de la Republique Democratique du Congo.

    Google Scholar 

  • République démocratique du Congo. 2002b. “Loi n°004 du 21 février 2002 portant Code des Investissements” in 6, edited by Cabinet du President de la Republique. Kinshasa: Journal Officiel de la Republique Democratique du Congo.

    Google Scholar 

  • République démocratique du Congo. 2002c. Loi n°015/2002 portant Code de Travail. Kinshasa: Journal Officiel de la Republique Democratic du Congo.

    Google Scholar 

  • République démocratique du Congo. 2003. Constitution de la transition de la République Démocratique du Congo. Kinshasa: Journal Officiel.

    Google Scholar 

  • République démocratique du Congo. 2004. Contrat social de l'innovation entre le Gouvernement et les syndicats de l'Administration publique et interprofessionnels. Kinshasa: le Gouvernement de transition de la République démocratique du Congo.

    Google Scholar 

  • République démocratique du Congo. 2016. Loi N° 16/010 DU 15 JuilletT 2016 Modifiant et Completant la loi N° 015-2002 portant Code du travail. Kinshasa Journal Officiel.

    Google Scholar 

  • République démocratique du Congo. 2017. Loi No. 17/001 du 08 fevrier 2017 fixant les regles applicables a la sous-Traitance dans le secteur prive. Kinshasa Journal Officel.

    Google Scholar 

  • République du Zaïre. 1981. Loi No. 81/003 du 17 Juillet 1981 portant statut du Personnel de Carriere des Services Public de l'Etat Kinshasa: Journal Offciel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reybrouck, David Van. 2014. Congo. The Epic History of a People. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyntjens, Filip. 2009. The Great African War. Congo and Regional Geopolitics. 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soriano, Victor Fernandez. 2017. “Travail et Progres: Obligatory ‘Educational’ Labour in the Belgian Congo.” Journal of Contemporary History 1(1):1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stearns, Jason K. 2012. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters. The Collapsed of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumata, Claude. 2020. Emploi des jeunes et dynamique de l'entreprenariat en RD. Congo: Une evaluation des mecanismes d'auto-emploi. Montréal: l’Université de Montréal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trapido, Joe. 2016. “Kinshasa's Theatre of Power.” New Left Review 98:57–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trefon, Theodore. 2010. “Administrative Obstacles to Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 76(4):702–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trefon, Theodore. 2011. Congo Masquerade: The Political Culture of Aid Inefficiency and Reform Failure. London: Zed Books Ltd.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tshimpaka, Leon Mwamba, and Christopher Changwe Nshimbi. 2022. “Scaffolding the State: Faith-Based Organisations and Application of Democratic Principles in the DRC and Zambia.” Religion, State & Society 50(1):76–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tshombe, Lukamba-Muhiya 2017. “Public Administration in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Pp. 27–44 in Public Administration in Africa. Performance and Challenges, edited by Shikha Vyas-Doorgapersad, Lukamba-Muhiya Tshombe, and Ernest Peprah Ababio. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaessen, Vincent. 2001. “Les Probelemes sur législations sur le contrat de travail de 1910 et 1922 au Congo Belge: deux intentions et deux modes de décisions opposés.” Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 79(4):1213–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Impe, Andreas 2012. Investing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A legal Guide. Brussels: De Wolfs and Parterns.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisbord, Robert G. 2003. “The King, the Cardinal and the Pope: Leopold II’s Genocide in the Congo and the Vatican.” Research Network in Genocide Studies 5(1):35–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Eric. 2014. Capitalism and Slavery. New York: UNC Press Books

    Google Scholar 

  • Yav & Associates. 2017. Bref aperçu des innovations apportées au Code du Travail en République Démocratique du Congo [Online]. Kinshasa: Yav & Associates Available: https://www.legavox.fr/blog/yav-associates/bref-apercu-innovations-apportees-code-22934.pdf [Accessed 19 March 2017].

  • Young, Crawford. 1965. “The Congo Rebellion.” Africa Report 10(4):6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Crawford. 2015. Politics in Congo: Decolonization and Independence. London: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, Crawford, and Thomas Turner. 1985. The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. Wisconsin and London: University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research (Wiser), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Saint José Inaka

  2. SARChI Chair: The Political Economy of Migration in the SADC Region, Centre for the Study of Governance Innovation (GovInn), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Christopher Changwe Nshimbi & Leon Mwamba Tshimpaka

Authors
  1. Saint José Inaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christopher Changwe Nshimbi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Leon Mwamba Tshimpaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saint José Inaka .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Inaka, S.J., Nshimbi, C.C., Tshimpaka, L.M. (2023). Dynamics in the Making of Labour Markets. In: The Reconstruction of Post-War Labour Markets in The Southern African Development Community. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37357-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37357-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-37356-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-37357-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation