Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Testing for New Requirements for Building Coatings

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering

Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering ((SPRTRCIENG))

Abstract

Coatings are an important part of buildings in terms of performance, costs and time needed to be applied, repaired and replaced. They are requested to perform several functions, starting with the protection of the substrates and, therefore, durability of the coated building elements. With the increased concern on ecological performance, energy conservation and economic efficiency, the durability of the coatings themselves and several innovative requirements, such as contributing to lightning, comfort, health (indoors and outdoors) and safety, are also very important nowadays. Therefore, innovative tests have recently been defined, usually designed to reproduce the real actions while other tests have been adapted from tests designed for other materials. The new tests have to be optimized and validated before being formally adopted. This chapter addresses several building coating requirements, namely some which only recently are attracting research. Many innovative tests to assess new requirements and tests that were adapted to properly assess coatings performance are described and are briefly discussed to contribute to advances in research and to the identification of gaps.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Spee T, Huizer H (2017) Comparing REACH chemical safety assessment information with practice-a case-study of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in floor coating in The Netherlands. Int J Hyg Environ Health 220(7):1190–1194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Parracha JL, Borsoi G, Veiga R, Flores-Colen I, Nunes L, Viegas CA, Moreira LM, Dionísio A, Gomes MG, Faria P (2022) Durability assessment of external thermal insulation composite systems in urban and maritime environments. Sci Total Environ 849:157828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. EN 998:2016 (2016) Specification for mortar for masonry-part 1: rendering and plastering mortar. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  4. ETAG 034:2012 (2012) Guideline for European technical approval of kits for external wall claddings. Part 1: ventilated cladding kits comprising cladding components and associated fixings. European Organisation for Technical Approvals (EOTA)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Shafaghat A, Keyvanfar A (2022) Dynamic façades design typologies, technologies, measurement techniques, and physical performances across thermal, optical, ventilation, and electricity generation outlooks. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 167:112647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Veiga MR, Velosa A, Magalhães A (2007) Evaluation of mechanical compatibility of renders to apply on old walls based on a restrained shrinkage test. Mater Struct 40(10):1115–1126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Nunes, C, Faria P, Garcia N (2022) Limewashes with vegetable oils: water transport characterization. In: Bokan-Bosiljkov V., Padovnik A, Turk T, Štukovnik P (eds) HMC 2022-6th historic mortars conference. University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, pp 179–190. ISBN 978-961-6884-77-8

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ma X, Tu R, An W, Xu L, Luo S, Wang J, Tang F (2020) Experimental study of interlayer effect induced by building facade curtain wall on downward flame spread behavior of polyurethane. Appl Therm Eng 167:114694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Göswein V, Silvestre JD, Monteiro CS, Habert G, Freire F, Pittau F (2021) Influence of material choice, renovation rate, and electricity grid to achieve a Paris Agreement-compatible building stock: a Portuguese case study. Build Environ 195:107773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Peck G, Jones N, McKenna ST, Glockling JLD, Harbottle J, Stec AA, Hull TR (2021) Smoke toxicity of rainscreen façades. J Hazard Mater 403:123694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Antunes A, Faria P, Brás A, Silva V (2019) Rice husk-earth based composites: a novel bio-based panel for buildings refurbishment. Constr Build Mater 221:99–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lima J, Faria P, Veiga R (2021) Comparison of an earth mortar and common binder mortars for indoor plastering. In: Horszczaruk E, Brzozowski P (eds) ICSEFCM2021-2nd international conference on sustainable, environmentally friendly construction materials. West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland, pp 71–76

    Google Scholar 

  13. Santos T, Gomes MI, Ssantos Silva A, Ferraz E, Faria P (2020) Comparison of mineralogical, mechanical and hygroscopic characteristic of earthen, gypsum and cement-based plasters. Constr Build Mater 254:119222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Fabiani C, Castaldo VL, Pisello AL (2020) Thermochromic materials for indoor thermal comfort improvement: finite difference modeling and validation in a real case-study building. Appl Energy 262:114147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Jiang L, Hou P, He S, Han M, Xiang P, Xiao T, Tan X (2022) The robust superhydrophobic SiO2/Diatomite/PDMS/KH-570/Me-MQ composite coating for self-cleaning application of building surface. Colloids Surf A 634:127936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Khannyra S, Mosquera MJ, Addoub M, Gil MLA (2021) Cu-TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts for concrete-based building materials: self-cleaning and air de-pollution performance. Constr Build Mater 313:125419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Mokhtarifar M, Nguyen DT, Sakar M, Lucotti A, Asa M, Kaveh R, Diamanti MV, Pedeferri MP, Do TO (2022) Smart protection of surfaces during day-night by a novel composite self-cleaning coating with catalytic memory. J Environ Chem Eng 10(1):106891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bollmann UE, Fernandez-Calvin D, Brandt KK, Storgaard MS, Sanderson H, Bester K (2017) Biocide runoff from building facades: degradation kinetics in soil. Environ Sci Technol 51(7):3694−3702

    Google Scholar 

  19. European Parliament and Council (2012) Regulation EU No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products. Off J Eur Communities Legis L167:1–122

    Google Scholar 

  20. Gall E, Darling E, Siegel JA, Morrison GC, Corsi RL (2013) Evaluation of three common green building materials for ozone removal, and primary and secondary emissions of aldehydes. Atmos Environ 77:910–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Maqbool Q, Czerwinska N, Giosue C, Sabbatini S, Ruello ML, Tittarelli F (2022) New waste-derived TiO2 nanoparticles as a potential photocatalytic additive for lime based indoor finishings. J Clean Prod 373:133853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Santos T, Santos Silva A, Gomes MI, Faria P (2022) Evaluation of the hygroscopic and CO2 capture capacities of earth and gypsum-based plasters. In: Bokan-Bosiljkov V, Padovnik A, Turk T, Štukovnik P (eds) HMC 2022-6th historic mortars conference. Ljubljana, Slovenia, pp 249–257. ISBN 978-961-6884-77-8

    Google Scholar 

  23. Parracha J, Borsoi G, Flores-Colen I, Veiga MR, Nunes L (2022) Impact of natural and artificial ageing on the properties of the multilayer external wall thermal insulation systems. Constr Build Mater 317:125834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. NP 4505:2012 (2012) Paints and varnishes. Paints for exterior surfaces of buildings. Classification and requirements. IPQ (in Portuguese)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Barbero-Barrera M, Santos AJC, Veiga MR (2019) The appearance and luminous properties of lime and gypsum pastes: a comparative analysis of different methods of measurement. Constr Build Mater 221:562–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang Y, Zhai X (2019) Preparation and testing of thermochromic coatings for buildings. Sol Energy 191:540–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Yang J, Zhai X (2020) Energy saving performance of thermochromic coatings with different colors for buildings. Energy Build 215:109920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hu J, Yu X (2019) Design and characterization of energy efficient roofing system with innovative TiO2 enhanced thermochromic films. Constr Build Mater 223:1053–1062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. ASTM E490-22 (2022) Standard solar constant and zero air mass solar spectral irradiance tables. ASTM

    Google Scholar 

  30. ASTM E903-20 (2020) Standard test method for solar absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of materials using integrating spheres. ASTM

    Google Scholar 

  31. ISO 10678:2010 (2010) Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics)—determination of photocatalytic activity of surfaces in an aqueous medium by degradation of methylene blue. ISO

    Google Scholar 

  32. Wang X, Ding H, Wang C, Zhou R, Li Y, Li W, Ao W (2021) Self-healing superhydrophobic A-SiO2/N-TiO2@HDTMS coating with self-cleaning property. Appl Surf Sci 567:150808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Drdácký M, Lesák J, Rescic S, Slízková Z, Tiano P, Valach J (2012) Standardization of peeling tests for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristics of historic stone surfaces. Mater Struct 45:505–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Parracha JL, Pereira AS, Velez da Silva R, Almeida N, Faria P (2019) Efficacy of iron-based bioproducts as surface biotreatment for earth-based plastering mortars. J Clean Prod 237:117803

    Google Scholar 

  35. EN 1015-12:2016–Methods of test for mortars for masonry–part 12: determination of adhesive strength of hardened rendering and plastering mortars to the substrate. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  36. EAD 040083-00-0404:2019 (2019) European Assessment document of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) with rendering. EOTA

    Google Scholar 

  37. Santos AR, Veiga MR, Santos Silva A, De Brito J (2020) Tensile bond strength of lime-based mortars: the role of the microstructure on their performance assessed by a new non-standard test method. J Build Eng 29:101136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Botas S, Veiga MR, Velosa A (2017) Bond strength in mortar/ceramic tile interface-testing procedure and adequacy evaluation. Mater Struct 50:211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. DIN 18947: 2018 (2018) Earth plasters-earth plasters-requirements, test and labelling. DIN

    Google Scholar 

  40. EN 1015-21:2002 (2002) Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Part 21: determination of the compatibility of one-coat rendering mortars with substrates. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  41. ASTM C 666-97 (2017) Standard test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing. ASTM

    Google Scholar 

  42. ASTM D 559-2003 (2003) Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures. ASTM

    Google Scholar 

  43. EN 12370:2020 (2020) Natural stone test methods-determination of resistance to salt crystallization. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fragata A, Veiga MR, Velosa A (2016) Substitution ventilated render systems for historic masonry: salt crystallization tests evaluation. Constr Build Mater 102(1):592–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Maia J, Ramos NMM, Veiga MR (2019) A new durability assessment methodology of thermal mortars applied in multilayer rendering systems. Constr Build Mater 222:654–663

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Bochen J (2015) Weathering effects on physical e chemical properties of external plaster mortars exposed to different environments. Constr Build Mater 79:192–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Santos AR, Veiga MR, Santos Silva A, Matias L, Brito J (2018) Durability and compatibility of lime-based mortars: the effect of aggregates. Infrastructures 3:34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. EN ISO 16474-2:2013 (2013) Paints and varnishes—methods of exposure to laboratory light sources—part 2: xenon-arc lamps. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  49. Parracha J, Borsoi G, Veiga MR, Flores-Colen I, Nunes L, Garcia A, Ilharco L, Dionísio A, Faria P (2021) Effects of hygrothermal, UV and SO2 accelerated ageing on the durability of ETICS in urban environments. Build Environ 204:108151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. EN 539-1:2005 (2005) Clay roofing tiles for discontinuous laying-determination of physical characteristics-part 1: impermeability test. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  51. EN 16322:2014 (2014) Conservation of Cultural Heritage-Test Methods-Determination of drying properties. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  52. EN 16302:2014 (2014) Conservation of cultural heritage-test methods-measurement of water absorption by pipe method. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  53. Veiga MR, Rodrigues P, Santos D, Pereira J (2018) Polysiloxane-based paint system: evaluation of compatibility with old building walls. In: Proceedings of the construction congress, Porto, FEUP, November 21–23. (in Portuguese)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lourenço T, Matias L, Faria P (2017) Anomalies detection in adhesive wall tiling systems by infrared thermography. Constr Build Mater 148:419–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Fragata A, Veiga MR, Velosa A (2021) Performance of a salt-accumulating substitution lime render for salt laden historic masonry walls. Heritage 4:3879–3891

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Lubelli B, Cnudde V, Diaz-Goncalves T, Franzoni E, van Hees R, Ioannou I, Menendez B, Nunes C, Siedel H, Stefanidou M, Verges-Belmin V, Viles H (2019) Towards a more effective and reliable salt crystallization test for porous building materials: state of the art. Mater Struct 51:55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Lubelli B, RILEM TC 271-ASC members (2021) A new accelerated laboratory test for the assessment of the durability of materials with respect to salt crystallization. In Lubelli B, Kamat A, Quist W (eds) Proceedings of the 5th SWBSS-international conference on salt weathering of buildings and stone sculptures. TU Delft, pp 55–68

    Google Scholar 

  58. Ranesi A, Veiga MR, Faria P (2021) Laboratory characterization of relative humidity dependent properties for plasters: a systematic review. Constr Build Mater 304:124595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. ISO 24353:2008 (2008) Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products-determination of moisture adsorption/desorption properties in response to humidity variation. ISO

    Google Scholar 

  60. Lagouin M, Laborel-Préneron A, Magniont C, Geoffroy S, Aubert J-E (2022) Moisture buffer capacity of a bilayer bio- and geo-based wall. Constr Build Mater 329:127209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Fabbri A, McGregor F, Costa I, Faria P (2017) Effect of temperature on the sorption curves of earthen materials. Mater Struct 50:253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. EN ISO 12571:2021 (2021) Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products-determination of hygroscopic sorption properties. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  63. Rode C, Peuhkuri RH, Mortensen LH, Hansen KK, Time B, Gustavsen A, Harderup LE (2005) Moisture buffering of building materials. Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering

    Google Scholar 

  64. EN 1015-19:1998 (1998) Methods of test for mortar for masonry-part 19: determination of water vapour permeability of hardened rendering and plastering mortars. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  65. Veiga MR, Vilhena A (2019) Support for the rehabilitation of S. Francisco do Penedo fortress, in Luanda. 2nd phase–study of repair and conservation mortars to be applied in the intervention. Report 191/2019. Lisbon, LNEC. (in Portuguese)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Bellei P, Arromba J, Flores-Colen I, Veiga R, Torres I (2021) Influence of brick and concrete substrates on the performance of renders using in-situ testing techniques. J Build Eng 43:102871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. ASTM D 5590-17 (2017) Determining the resistance of paint films and related coatings to fungal defacement by accelerated four-week agar plate assay. ASTM

    Google Scholar 

  68. ASTM C 1338-19 (2019) Standard test method for determining fungi resistance of insulation materials and facings. ASTM

    Google Scholar 

  69. Parracha J, Borsoi G, Flores-Colen I, Veiga MR, Nunes L, Dionísio A, Gomes G, Faria P (2021) Performance parameters of ETICS: correlating water resistance, bio-susceptibility and surface properties. Constr Build Mater 272:121956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Brazão Farinha C, Nunes L, Brito J, Veiga MR (2018) Effect of organic residues on moulds development on mortars. In: Construção 2018. Porto, FEUP. (in Portuguese)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Santos T, Nunes L, Faria P (2017) Production of eco-efficient earth-based plasters: influence of composition on physical performance and bio-susceptibility. J Clean Prod 167:55–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. EN 16105:2011 (2011) Paints and varnishes-laboratory method for determination of release of substances from coatings in intermittent contact with water. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  73. EN 14041:2018 (2018) Resilient, textile, laminate and modular multilayer floor coverings–essential characteristics. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  74. EN 16516:2017 (2017) Construction products: assessment of release of dangerous substances-determination of emissions into indoor air. CEN

    Google Scholar 

  75. Mhuireach GÁ, Dietz L, Griffiths W, Horve PF, Laguerre A, Northcutt D, Vandegrift R, Gall E, Van Den Wymelenberg K (2021) Differing effects of four building materials on viable bacterial communities and VOCs. Dev Built Environ 7:100055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. ISO 22197-1:2016 (2016) Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics)—test method for air-purification performance of semiconducting photocatalytic materials—part 1: removal of nitric oxide. ISO

    Google Scholar 

  77. Mills A, Burns L, O’Rourke C, Elouali S (2016) Kinetics of the photocatalysed oxidation of NO in the ISO 22197 reactor. J Photochem Photobiol A 321:137–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Gandolfo A, Bartolomei V, Gomez Alvarez E, Tlili S, Gligorovski S, Kleffmann J, Wortham H (2015) The effectiveness of indoor photocatalytic paints on NOx and HONO levels. Appl Catal B 166–167:84–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The first author would like to acknowledge the support of FCT for the partial funding of this work under the strategic project UIDB/04625/2020 from the research unit CERIS.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Paulina Faria

  2. Department of Buildings, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, 1700-066, Lisbon, Portugal

    M. Rosário Veiga

Authors
  1. Paulina Faria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Rosário Veiga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paulina Faria .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Carlos Chastre

  2. CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    José Neves

  3. CONSTRUCT-LESE, School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Diogo Ribeiro

  4. CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Maria Graça Neves

  5. CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Paulina Faria

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Faria, P., Veiga, M.R. (2023). Testing for New Requirements for Building Coatings. In: Chastre, C., Neves, J., Ribeiro, D., Neves, M.G., Faria, P. (eds) Advances on Testing and Experimentation in Civil Engineering. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23888-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23888-8_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23887-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23888-8

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation