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The Mandatory Nature of the Geneva Convention

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Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road

Part of the book series: Law for Professionals ((LP))

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Abstract

This chapter discusses the theoretical and applicative reconstruction of the rule of article 41, which affirms that the provisions of the CMR are mandatory in nature and mentions the relative consequences, in particular regarding the status of contracts concluded inconsistently with the indications of the Convention. There is a specific focus on provisions of the CMR that refer expressly or implicitly to national law. Justification is given for the overall idea of the book, which opts to look for solutions to the shortcomings and problems of interpretation in the scope of the Convention, reducing the instances of referral to national laws. The option of reconstruction is also justified on the basis of recent positions that emerged in the debate on the Convention of Vienna concerning the international sale of goods. In short, this chapter outlines and explains the reconstruction strategies set forth in the book overall, clarifying the approach that would be preferable in interpreting the CMR and how the related proposals meet with agreement or disagreement in the positions taken by different Authors and in the judgements of case law relative to single States. A specific analysis is conducted on relations with regulations of the European Union on the determination of applicable law with regard to contractual and non-contractual liability.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 393 ff.

  2. 2.

    Cf. OLG Düsseldorf 21 November 2007, in TranspR, 2008, 36, according to which a contractual provision that excludes monitoring by both parties of the delivered goods is null and void.

  3. 3.

    This is how the English text is expressed; in the French version, we read “est nulle et de nul effet toute stipulation qui, directement ou indirectement, dérogerait aux dispositions de la présente Convention”.

  4. 4.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 286 ff. Cf. OGH 18 February 2013, in TranspR, 2013, 344, according to which, as Article 41 lays down the mandatory nature of the CMR, the national rules of private international law are irrelevant and do not apply.

  5. 5.

    Cf. Silingardi et al. (1994), p. 17 ff.

  6. 6.

    Cf. Loewe (1976), p. 401 ff.; Messent and Glass (2018), p. 393 ff.

  7. 7.

    Cf. Silingardi et al. (1994), p. 17 ff.

  8. 8.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 394 ff., nt. 7.

  9. 9.

    Cf. OLG Düsseldorf 21 November 2007, in TranspR, 2008, 38.

  10. 10.

    Cf. BGH 26 March 2009, in TranspR, 2010, 76, according to which a clause that regulates the nature of goods covered by a contract and, consequently, delimits what the carrier’s obligation involves is valid. There is, therefore, no conflict with Article 41; OGH 6 July 2016, ibid., 2016, 461, according to which Article 41 does not prevent the conclusion of an agreement aimed at determining whether the loading must be attended to by the sender or by the carrier.

  11. 11.

    Cf. Cass. France 17 May 1983, in Bull. transp., 1983, 445; RB Brussels 12 February 1977, in Europ. transp. law, 1978, no. 13, 285; RB Antwerp 4 May 1977, ibid., 1978, no. 13, 478.

  12. 12.

    Cf. App. Paris 27 January 1971, in Bull. transp., 1971, 115.

  13. 13.

    Cf. Arrond. Rotterdam 12 April 1972, in S & S, 1972, 103; Hof Brussels 13 January 1972, in Europ. transp. law, no. 7, 151.

  14. 14.

    Cf. App. Paris 27 January 1971, in Bull. transp., 1971, 115; Clarke (2014), p. 286 ff.

  15. 15.

    Cf. OLG Monaco 26 July 1985, in TranspR, 1985, 395.

  16. 16.

    Cf. Loewe (1976), p. 401, according to whom “the reasons for this are, first, that there was no way of knowing which party to a contract for the carriage of goods would be the strongest economically and therefore in a position to exercise pressure on the person with whom he has contracted and, second, that it seemed advisable to avoid competition between individual transport enterprises, which might wish to attract clients by offering them terms which were actually or allegedly better”.

  17. 17.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 286 ff., who highlights how the solution of the Convention runs contrary to The Hague – Visby rules for international maritime carriage of things, under which clauses that aggravate the carrier’s liability may be stipulated.

  18. 18.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 286.

  19. 19.

    Cf. OGH 5 July 1977, in Clarke (2014), p. 286 ff., nt. 344.

  20. 20.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 393 ff.

  21. 21.

    Cf. A. B. Bofors – UVA v. A. B. Skandia Transport, in Lloyd’s rep., 1982, 410, according to which the arbitration clause drawn up in conflict with the requirements laid down by Article 33 is invalid under Article 41.

  22. 22.

    Cf. OLG Stuttgart 22 February 2007, in TranspR, 2007, 249.

  23. 23.

    OLG Cologne 28 May 2005, in TranspR, 2005, 472.

  24. 24.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 394 ff.

  25. 25.

    Cf. Hof Brussels 23 December 1971, in Europ. transp. law, 1972, no. 7, 865, according to which a freight forwarder may not rely on the national rules that limit his liability, because, in international transport, the forwarder can be deemed a carrier and, as such, is covered by the CMR.

  26. 26.

    Cf. OLG Munich 21 July 2017, in TranspR, 2017, 62; LG Cottbus 8 July 2008, ibid., 2008, 370.

  27. 27.

    Cf. OGH 18 May 1982, in TranspR, 1983, 48.

  28. 28.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 287 ff.

  29. 29.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 287 ff.

  30. 30.

    Cf. OLG Brema 8 February 2007, in TranspR, 2008, 252.

  31. 31.

    Cfr. Otte (2018), p. 1596 ff.

  32. 32.

    Cf. BGH 19 January 2006, in TranspR, 2006, 121; BGH 28 February 2018, ibid., 2013, 290.

  33. 33.

    Cf. Di Majo (1997), p. 153 ff.

  34. 34.

    Cf. Di Majo (1997), p. 153 ff.

  35. 35.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 286 ff.

  36. 36.

    Cf. BGH 20 January 2005, in TranspR, 2005, 311.

  37. 37.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 395 ff.

  38. 38.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 395 ff.

  39. 39.

    Cf. A. B. Bofors – UVA v. A. B. Skandia Transport, in Lloyd’s rep., 1982, 410.

  40. 40.

    Cf. OLG Cologne 28 May 2005, in TranspR, 2005, 472.

  41. 41.

    Cf. OLG Stuttgart 22 February 2007, in TranspR, 2007, 249.

  42. 42.

    Cf. OLG Cologne 28 May 2005, in TranspR, 2005, 472; LG Giessen 31 July 2008, ibid., 2008, 370.

  43. 43.

    Cf. Eastern Kayam Carpets Ltd. v. Eastern United Freight Ltd., in Lexis citation, 1983, 1311.

  44. 44.

    Cf. Eastern Kayam Carpets Ltd. v. Eastern United Freight Ltd., in Lexis citation, 1983, 1311.

  45. 45.

    Cf. T Comedy (U. K.) Ltd. v. Easy Managed Transp Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep., 2007, 397.

  46. 46.

    Cf. Noble v. The R. H. Group, in Messent and Glass (2018), p. 395 ff.

  47. 47.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 395 ff.

  48. 48.

    Cf. Datec Electronic Holdings Ltd. v. United Parcels Service Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep, 2007, 114.

  49. 49.

    Cf. Datec Electronic Holdings Ltd. v. United Parcels Service Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep, 2007, 114.

  50. 50.

    Cf. Datec Electronic Holdings Ltd. v. United Parcels Service Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep, 2007, 114.

  51. 51.

    Cf. BGH 30 September 2010, in TranspR, 2010, 437.

  52. 52.

    Cf. Cass. Italy 7 February 2006, no. 2529, in Giur. it. rep., 2006; Cass. Italy 28 November 1975, no. 3983, ibid., 1975; Cass. Italy 1 March 1978, no. 1034, ibid., 1978; Cass. Italy 26 November 1980, no. 6272, ibid., 1980; Cass. Italy 2 October 2003, no. 14680, ibid., 2003.

  53. 53.

    Cfr. Otte (2018), p. 1593 ff.

  54. 54.

    This is how Article 41, second paragraph, is expressed in the French version; in the English text, we read “a benefit of insurance in favour of the carrier or any other similar clause or any clause shifting the burden of the proof shall be null and void”.

  55. 55.

    Cf. OGH 15 December 1977, in VersR, 1978, 980.

  56. 56.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 289 ff.

  57. 57.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 396 ff.

  58. 58.

    Cf. Trib. com. Brussels 10 November 1971, in J. P. A., 1971, 227; OGH 24 June 1999, in TranspR, 2000, 370.

  59. 59.

    Cf. App. Paris 26 June 1981, in Bull. transp., 1981, 395; Cass. Belgium 9 April 1981, in E. L. D., 1983, no. 11, 31.

  60. 60.

    Cf. Trib. Poitiers 7 December 1983, in Bull. transp. 1985, 425; Clarke (2014), p. 289 ff.

  61. 61.

    For the opposite view, cf. Loewe (1976), p. 401 ff., who offers no justification.

  62. 62.

    Cf. Herber (2004), p. 93 ff.

  63. 63.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 380 ff.

  64. 64.

    Cf. Putzeys (1981), p. 356 ff.

  65. 65.

    Cf. Loewe (1976), p. 388 ff.; Messent and Glass (2018), p. 295 ff.

  66. 66.

    Cf. Puetz (2018), p. 122 ff. See also Cass. Belgium 29 April 2004, in Europ. transp. law, 2004, no. 39, 688.

  67. 67.

    Cf. BGH 18 February 1972, in Europ. transp. law, 1972, no. 7, 860; Polish Supreme Court 7 March 2017, II CSK 242/2016.

  68. 68.

    For a contrary view, see Moto Vespa S. A. v. Mat (Britannia express) Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep., 1979, 175, according to which national law applies in that event.

  69. 69.

    See: Moto Vespa S. A. v. Mat (Britannia express) Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep., 1979, 175.

  70. 70.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 97 ff.

  71. 71.

    Cf. Cass. com. France 6 June 1995, in Le Lamy transp., 2020, vol. I, 517; Cass. com. France 3 March 1998, in Bull. transp. logist., 1998, 231; Cass. com. France 18 January 2000, in Le Lamy transp., 2020, vol. I, 517; Cass. com. France 28 January 2003, ibid., 2020, vol. I, 517; App. Rouen 1 March 2012, ibid., 2020, vol. I, 517. See also Clarke (2014), p. 307 ff.; Krings (1999), p. 779 ff.

  72. 72.

    Cf. App. Paris 22 October 1997, in Bull. transp., 1997, 779; App. Versailles 3 September 2013, ibid., 2013, 518; Cass. com. France 10 March 2015, in Le Lamy transp., 2020, vol. I, 479.

  73. 73.

    Cf. Silingardi et al. (1994), p. 253 ff.; Pesce (1995), p. 315 ff.

  74. 74.

    Cf. Dicleli (2012), p. 71 ff., according to whom, “in cases where the parties did not include a choice-of-law agreement in their contract, their contractual relationship is governed by the law that is most closely connected with the contract”.

  75. 75.

    Cf. Dicleli (2012), p. 71 ff.

  76. 76.

    Cf. Fillers (2020), p. 174 ff.

  77. 77.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 307 ff.; Krings (1999), p. 779 ff.

  78. 78.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 310 ff.; Clarke (2014), p. 307 ff.; Silingardi et al. (1994), p. 253 ff.; Pesce (1995), p. 315 ff.

  79. 79.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 508 ff.

  80. 80.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 510 ff., according to whom, in regards to the Vienna Convention on the international sale of goods, “la principale difficultée est la détermination des principes generaux dont la Convention s’inspire”.

  81. 81.

    Cf. Pesce (1997), p. 506 ff.

  82. 82.

    Cf. Hondius (2001), p. 419 ff.

  83. 83.

    Cf. Hondius (2001), p. 419 ff.

  84. 84.

    Cf. Schlechtriem and Witz (2008), no. 27.

  85. 85.

    Cf. Court of Justice, Grand Chamber, 4 May 2012, C – no. 533 of 2008, TNT Express Nederland BV c. AXA Versicherung AG.

  86. 86.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 512 ff.

  87. 87.

    Cf. Witz (2003), p. 54 ff.

  88. 88.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 512 ff.

  89. 89.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 512 ff.

  90. 90.

    Cf. Tonolo (2009), p. 309 ff.; Kohler (1999), p. 1 ff.; Basedow (2000), p. 687 ff.; Pocar (2000), p. 873 ff.

  91. 91.

    Cf. Article 24, last paragraph, of Regulation (EC) 593/2008.

  92. 92.

    Before such a regulation, along the same lines, see Article 71 of Regulation (EC) 44/2001.

  93. 93.

    Cf. Tonolo (2009), p. 312 ff.

  94. 94.

    Cf. Tonolo (2009), p. 313 ff.

  95. 95.

    Cf. Sadikov (1985), p. 191 ff.

  96. 96.

    Cfr. Otte (2018), p. 1594 ff.

  97. 97.

    Cf. Cass. Italy 9 October 1984, no. 5028, in Riv. dir. int. priv. proc., 1985, 625.

  98. 98.

    Cf. Carella (1999), p. 105 ff.

  99. 99.

    Cf. Vismara (2017), p. 63 ff.

  100. 100.

    Cf. Baratta (1991), p. 177 ff.; Lopes Pegna (2006), p. 756 ff.

  101. 101.

    Cf. Tonolo (2009), p. 342 ff., according to whom the interpreter is tasked with “establishing the extent of the connection with the contract and the legal system it is linked to, within the framework of a hermeneutical activity aimed at bringing to focus, case by case, the closest law to the contractual relationship”.

  102. 102.

    Cf. Vismara (2017), p. 65 ff. More generally, on the escape clause, see Knoepfler (1982), p. 113 ff.; Von Overbeck (1999), p. 128 ff.; Castel (2007), p. 565 ff.

  103. 103.

    Cf. Kadner Graziano (2008), p. 457 ff.

  104. 104.

    Denmark does not participate in the adoption of the Regulation (EC) 864/2007. Cf. Kadner Graziano (2008), p. 448 ff.

  105. 105.

    Cf. Zournatzi (2018), p. 269 ff.

  106. 106.

    Cf. Busnelli (1991), p. 539 ff.

  107. 107.

    This is how the sixteenth recital reads.

  108. 108.

    Cf. Zournatzi (2018), p. 271 ff.

  109. 109.

    Cf. Zournatzi (2018), p. 273 ff.; Tubeuf (2008), p. 535 ff.

  110. 110.

    Cf. Tubeuf (2008), p. 535 ff.

  111. 111.

    Cf. Kozyris Phaedon (2008), p. 496 ff.

  112. 112.

    Cf. Volders (2007), p. 127 ff.; Lagarde (2009), p. 598 ff.

  113. 113.

    Cf. LG Graz 5 April 2000, in Europ. transp. law, 2002, no. 37, 360.

  114. 114.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 6 ff., according to whom “the provisions of Vienna Convention codify already existing public international law”; Verheyen (2016), p. 442 ff.

  115. 115.

    Cf. Verheyen (2016), p. 443 ff.; Czapski (1998), p. 461 ff.

  116. 116.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 7 ff. See also Messent and Glass (2018), p. 5 ff.

  117. 117.

    Cf. Quantum Ltd. v. Plane trucking Ltd. in Lloyd’s rep., 2001, 133.

  118. 118.

    Cf. OLG Düsseldorf 27 March 1980, in Europ. transp. law, 1983, no. 18, 89.

  119. 119.

    Cf. Haak (1986), p. 17 ff.; Messent and Glass (2018), p. 5 ff.

  120. 120.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 9 ff.

  121. 121.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 9 ff.

  122. 122.

    Cf. Fothergill c. Monarch Airlines Ltd., in AC, 1981, 278.

  123. 123.

    Cf. Clarke (2014), p. 11 ff.; Messent and Glass (2018), p. 9 ff. Cf. Ulster – Swift Ltd. v. Taunton Meat Haulage Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep., 1977, 346.

  124. 124.

    Cf. Messent and Glass (2018), p. 9 ff. But see J. J. Silber Ltd. v. Islander Truckin Ltd., in Lloyd’s rep., 1985, 243, where two foreign decisions were considered.

  125. 125.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 508 ff.

  126. 126.

    Cf. Article 7 of the 2001 United Nations Convention on the assignment of credits in international trade and Article 5 of the 2005 Convention on the use of electronic communications in international contracts.

  127. 127.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 508 ff.

  128. 128.

    Cf. Deumier (2018), p. 265 ff.

  129. 129.

    Cf. Ferrari (2017), p. 244 ff.

  130. 130.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 509 ff.

  131. 131.

    Cf. Schlechtriem and Schwenzer (2016), p. 23 ff., nt. 1.

  132. 132.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 509 ff.

  133. 133.

    Cf. Witz (2020), p. 509 ff., according to whom “il importe de lire attentivement, en s’abstenant de chauffer ses ‘lunettes de juriste national’”; Honnold (1988), p. 208 ff.

  134. 134.

    Cf. Racine (2018), p. 18 ff.

  135. 135.

    Cf. OLG Munich 21 July 2016, in VersR, 2017, 583, in terms of which the CMR represents a complete and self-contained regulatory system, without any need to refer to civil law institutions. Cf. Jesser-Huß (2017), p. 358 ff.; Verheyen (2016), p. 447 ff.; Pesce (1997), p. 505 ff., according to whom “the introduction to the uniform rules (…) is intended to underline that unification of the law (…) means that that same identity is open to (identity of) interpretation through the renunciation of the principles of domestic law and the acceptance that, under a system of uniform rules, the relative jurisdictional institutions are autonomous”.

  136. 136.

    Cf. Cerqueira and Nord (2020), p. 517 ff.

  137. 137.

    Cf. Putzeys (2016), p. 424 ff.

  138. 138.

    Cf. Verheyen (2016), p. 449 ff.

  139. 139.

    Cf. Legros (2016), p. 427 ff.; Schelin (2016), p. 434 ff.

  140. 140.

    Cf. Lookofsky and Flechtner (2005), p. 512 ff.

  141. 141.

    Cf. Lookofsky and Flechtner (2005), p. 512 ff.

  142. 142.

    Cf. Bonell (2004), p. 137 ff.; Di Majo (1997), p. 153 ff.; Gutierrez Falla (2005), p. 503 ff.; Ferrari (2017), p. 244 ff.

  143. 143.

    Cf. McKendrick (2008), p. 518 ff.; Hartkamp (1994), p. 65 ff.

  144. 144.

    Cf. BGH 1 December 2005, in TranspR, 2006, 115; OGH 26 March 2004, ibid., 2004, 364.

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  1. Department of Law, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Chiara Tincani

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  1. Chiara Tincani
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Tincani, C. (2022). The Mandatory Nature of the Geneva Convention. In: Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road. Law for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08487-4_2

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