Abstract
What are the significant factors motivating Muslim women to become mompreneurs in Muslim-dominant countries? Sakai answers this question by analysing the subregional trend in Muslim-dominant regions of the Gulf countries, South Asia and Southeast Asia. This chapter examines commonly identified influences on Muslim women’s choices about work participation, education policy, state economic policies and Islam. This chapter shows that the increasing interest that middle-class Muslim women are showing in entrepreneurship is a result of a diverse range of factors arising from specific local contexts, with Indonesia leading this field. This chapter proposes that female entrepreneurship in Muslim-dominant countries grows when it is supported by state policies, existing entrepreneurial tradition and gender norms. Women who engage in entrepreneurial activities are supported by key stakeholders.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
@Vivyyusof ‘[Instagram Profile] Vivy Yusof’ Yusof, Vivy. Instagram. Available at https://www.instagram.com/vivyyusof/.
Abalkhail, Jouharah M., and Barbara Allan. 2015. Women’s Career Advancement: Mentoring and Networking in Saudi Arabia and the UK. Human Resource Development International 18 (2): 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2015.1026548.
Abou-Moghli, Azzam A., and Ghaith M. Al-Abdallah. 2019. A Systematic Review of Women Entrepreneurs Opportunities and Challenges in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 22 (6): 1–14.
Ahmad, Syed Zamberi. 2011. Businesswomen in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Characteristic, Growth Patterns and Progression in a Regional Context. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 30 (7): 610–614. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151111167052.
Ahmed, Rumana, and Nelia Hyndman-Rizk. 2020. The Higher Education Paradox: Towards Improving Women’s Empowerment, Agency Development and Labour Force Participation in Bangladesh. Gender and Education 32 (4): 447–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2018.1471452.
Al-Ahmadi, Hanan. 2011. Challenges Facing Women Leaders in Saudi Arabia. Human Resource Development International 14 (2): 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2011.558311.
Alasgah, Amnah A.A., and Eman S.I. Rizk. 2021. Empowering Saudi Women in the Tourism and Management Sectors According to the Kingdom’s 2030 Vision. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2021.1874217.
Alhothali, Ghada Talat. 2020. Challenges Facing Women Entrepreneurs Running Home-Based Business in Saudi Arabia. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN) 8 (3): 1386–1397.
Alkhaled, Sophie, and Karin Berglund. 2018. “And Now I’m Free”: Women’s Empowerment and Emancipation through Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia and Sweden. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 30 (7–8): 877–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1500645.
AlMunajjed, Mona, and Karim Sabbagh. 2011. Youth in GCC Countries Meeting the Challenge. Abu Dhabi: Booz & Company. Available at https://www.youthpolicy.org/library/wp-content/uploads/library/2011_Youth_GCC_Countries_Meeting_Challenge_Eng.pdf.
Alshahrani, Abeer, Shamim Samani, and Dora Marinova. 2020. Gender Parity through the Saudi Vision 2030: Female Representation in English as a Foreign Language Textbooks. In Muslim Women in the Economy: Development, Faith and Globalisation, eds. Shamim Samani and Dora Marinova, 32–47. Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Altuwaijri, Nada. 2013. Saudi Fashionista Who Dressed Paris Hilton Looks to Bridge East and West. Al Arabiya News. https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/fashion-and-beauty/2013/10/21/Saudi-fashion-designer-who-dressed-Paris-Hilton-looks-to-bridge-East-and-West. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
AMEinfo Staff. 2020. Forbes Middle East Reveals the Top 10 Women Behind Middle Eastern Brands List—Middle East & Gulf News | Ame Info. AMEInfonews. https://www.ameinfo.com/business/female-entrepreneurs-excel-behind-the-middle-easts-most-loved-brands/. Accessed 17 Oct 2021.
Andaya, Barbara Watson. 2008. The Flaming Womb: Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi. 2021. Vision 2030. https://www.vision2030.gov.sa/. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Arabiya, Al. 2020. Over 5.6 Million Saudis Remain Unmarried Past Marriage Age, Survey Shows. https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2017/01/13/Over-5-6-million-Saudis-remain-unmarried-past-marriage-age-survey-shows. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Asian Development Bank, ADB, & Statistics, Bureau of Bangladesh. 2012. The Informal Sector and Informal Employment in Bangladesh. Phillippines: Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Assad, Soraya W. 2007. The Rise of Consumerism in Saudi Arabian Society. International Journal of Commerce and Management 17 (1/2): 73–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/10569210710774767.
Assyaukanie, Luthfi. 2009. Amina Wadud’s Breakthrough. Qantara.de. https://en.qantara.de/content/luthfi-assyaukanie-amina-waduds-breakthrough. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Azra, Azyumardi. 2015. Genealogy of Indonesian Islamic Education: Roles in the Modernization of Muslim Society. Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage 4 (1): 85–114.
Babbitt, Laura G., Drusilla Brown, and Nimah Mazaheri. 2015. Gender, Entrepreneurship, and the Formal-Informal Dilemma: Evidence from Indonesia. World Development 72: 163–174.
Basaffar, Amal A., Linda S. Niehm, and Robert Bosselman. 2018. Saudi Arabian Women in Entrepreneurship: Challenges, Opportunities and Potential. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 23 (2): 1850013 (20 pages).
Bazaar Staff. 2012. Razan Alazzouni: Feminine Charm. Bazaar.magazine.com. https://bazaar.town/razan-alazzouni/. Accessed 10 Aug 2021.
von Benda-Beckmann, Franz, and Keebet von Benda-Beckmann. 2013. Political and Legal Transformations of an Indonesian Polity: The Nagari from Colonisation to Decentralisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bin Dahari Zainurin, Abdul Rahim Abu Bakar, and Sahar Al-Gosaibi. 2019. Key Success Factors of Home-Based Business among Female Entrepreneur in Saudi Arabia. Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review 3 (2): 43–66.
Blackwood, Evelyn. 1995. Senior Women, Model Mothers, and Dutiful Wives: Managing Gender Contradictions in a Minangkabau Village. In Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia, eds. Aihwa Ong and Michael G. Peletz, 124–158. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Blackwood, Evelyn. 2000. Webs of Power: Women, Kin, and Community in a Sumatran Village. New York and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Boeri, Natascia. 2018. Challenging the Gendered Entrepreneurial Subject: Gender, Development, and the Informal Economy in India. Gender & Society 32 (2): 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217750119.
Booth, Anne. 2016. Women, Work and the Family: Is Southeast Asia Different? Economic History of Developing Regions 31 (1): 167–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2015.1132624.
Cain, Mead, Syeda Rokeya Khanam, and Shamsun Nahar. 1979. Class, Patriarchy, and Women’s Work in Bangladesh. Population and Development Review 5: 405–438.
Cameron, Lisa, and Diana Contreras Suarez. 2019. Why Do Millions of Indonesian Women Still Quit Work After Marriage and Kids? Indonesia at Melbourne. https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/why-do-millions-of-indonesian-women-still-quit-work-after-marriage-and-kids/. Accessed 10 Aug 2021.
Cameron, Lisa, Diana Contreras Suarez, and William Rowell. 2019. Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia: Why Has It Stalled? Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 55 (2): 157–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1530727.
Chen, Martha, Jennefer Sebstad, and Lesley O’Connell. 1999. Counting the Invisible Workforce: The Case of Homebased Workers. World Development 27 (3): 603–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00154-5.
Choy Chong, Siong, and Wendy Ming Yen Teoh. 2014. Towards Strengthening the Development of Women Entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Gender in Management: An International Journal 29 (7): 432–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/gm-10-2013-0122.
CIA. 2021. The World Factbook: Saudi Arabia https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/#economy. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Dadouch, Sarah. 2021. Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Seeks to Reduce Influential Clerics’ Power. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/saudi-clerics-crown-prince-mohammed/2021/08/02/9ae796a0-e3ed-11eb-88c5-4fd6382c47cb_story.html. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Daily Observer. 2020. Joyeeta a Pioneer for Propping up Women entrepreneurs. Daily Observer. https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=289013. Accessed 10 Aug 2021.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. 2021. Demographic Statistics Malaysia Second Quarter 2021. Department of Statistics Malaysia, Prime Minister’s Department. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=430&bul_id=eGtwdjd4amZJb1JmcFFkYXBKNHg3dz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09. Accessed 14 Aug 2021.
Endeavor Malaysia. 2019. Endeavor Entrepreneurs Vivy Yusof, Fashionvalet. https://www.endeavormalaysia.org/people/Vivy-Yusof. Accessed 10 Aug 2021.
Ennis, Crystal A. 2019. The Gendered Complexities of Promoting Female Entrepreneurship in the Gulf. New Political Economy 24 (3): 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2018.1457019.
Esmail, H. 2018. Economic Growth of Saudi Arabia Between Present and Future According to 2030 Vision. Asian Social Science 14 (12): 192.
Faisal, Farida. 2010. Measuring Perceptions of Work Environment Among Educated Female Public Servants in Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review 48: 135–165.
Fallatah, Haifa. 2012. Women Entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia: Investigating Strategies Used by Successful Saudi Women Entrepreneurs. Master Thesis, Business Management, Lincoln University. http://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/handle/10182/4795.
Fanany, Rebecca, and Ismet Fanany. 2019. The Elderly Must Endure: Ageing in the Minangkabau Community in Modern Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.
Ferguson, Barbara. 2005. Woman Imam Raises Mixed Emotions. Arab News. https://www.arabnews.com/node/264005. Accessed 19 Aug 2021.
Fischer, Johan. 2008. Proper Islamic Consumption: Shopping among the Malays in Modern Malaysia. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Fischer, Johan. 2011. The Halal Frontier: Muslim Consumers in a Globalized Market. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fischer, Johan. 2012. Branding Halal: A Photographic Essay on Global Muslim Markets. Anthropology Today 28 (4): 18–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8322.2012.00886.x.
Fischer, Johan. 2017. Middle-Class Projects in Modern Malaysia. Asian Anthropology 16 (1): 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1683478X.2016.1270030.
Forbes Middle East. 2021. 40 Women Behind Middle Eastern Brands 2021. Forbes. https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lists/40-women-behind-middle-eastern-brands-2021/huda-mona-kattan/. Accessed 10 Aug 2021.
Forster, Nick. 2017. A Quiet Revolution? The Rise of Women Managers, Business Owners and Leaders in the Arabian Gulf States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Frisk, Sylva. 2009. Submitting to God: Women and Islam in Urban Malaysia. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Future Startup. 2013. Face to Face with Bibi Russell, Founder, Bibi Productions. Future Startup. http://futurestartup.com/2013/07/27/face-to-face-with-bibi-russell-founder-bibi-productions/. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Gardner, Andrew. 2011. Gulf Migration and the Family. Journal of Arabian Studies 1 (1): 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2011.576043.
Gardner, Andrew. 2012. Why Do They Keep Coming? Labor Migrants in the Gulf States. In Migrant Labour in the Persian Gulf, eds. Mehran Kamrava and Zahra Babar, 41–58. London: Hurst.
Geertz, Clifford. 1961. Studies in Peasant Life: Community and Society. Biennial Review of Anthropology 2: 1–41.
Ghanem, Khaoula. 2018. “My Dress Was a True Reflection of Myself:” Inside Razan Alazzouni’s Breathtaking Beirut Wedding. Vogue. https://en.vogue.me/fashion/inside-razan-alazzounis-breathtaking-beirut-wedding/. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Ghoshal, Baladas. 2010. Arabization: The Changing Face of Islam in Asia. India Quarterly 66 (1): 69–89.
Ghouse, Suhail M., Gerard McElwee, and Omar Durrah. 2019. Entrepreneurial Success of Cottage-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Oman. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25: 480–498.
Global Cosmetic Industry. 2017. dUCk Expands to Halal Cosmetics. Global Cosmetics Industry Magazine. https://www.gcimagazine.com/marketstrends/segments/cosmetics/dUCk-Expands-to-Halal-Cosmetics-448725863.html. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2019. Gem 2018/2019 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report. London, UK: Babson College, Smith College, and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). Available athttps://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-20182019-womens-entrepreneurship-report.
Goetz, Anne Marie, and Rina Sen Gupta. 1996. Who Takes the Credit? Gender, Power, and Control over Loan Use in Rural Credit Programs in Bangladesh. World Development 24 (1): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00124-U.
Gurtoo, Anjula, and Colin C. Williams. 2009. Entrepreneurship and the Informal Sector: Some Lessons from India. Entrepreneurship and Innovation 10 (1): 1–8.
Haeri, Shahla. 2002. No Shame for the Sun: Lives of Professional Pakistani Women. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
Hahn, Youjin, Asadul Islam, Kanti Nuzhat, Russell Smyth, and Hee-Seung. Yang. 2018. Education, Marriage, and Fertility: Long-Term Evidence from a Female Stipend Program in Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change 66 (2): 383–415.
Hani, Ummu, Ilma Nurul Rachmania, Santi Setyaningsih, and Rucita Cahyawati Putri. 2012. Patterns of Indonesian Women Entrepreneurship. Procedia Economics and Finance 4: 274–285.
Heintz, James, Naila Kabeer, and Simeen Mahmud. 2018. Cultural Norms, Economic Incentives and Women’s Labour Market Behaviour: Empirical Insights from Bangladesh. Oxford Development Studies 46 (2): 266–289.
Hill, Hal. 1988. Foreign Investment and Industrialization in Indonesia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hooker, Virginia. 2003. Malaysia: Still “Islam and Politics” but Now Enmeshed in a Global Web. In Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics, eds. Virginia Hooker and Norani Othman, 16–34. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Human Right Watch, HRW. 2018. Saudi Arabia: Detained Women Reported Tortured. Human Right Watch (HRW). https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/20/saudi-arabia-detained-women-reported-tortured. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Hussein, Nazia. 2017. Negotiating Middle-Class Respectable Femininity: Bangladeshi Women and Their Families. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 16: 1–17. https://doi.org/10.4000/samaj.4397.
Hussein, Nazia. 2018. Bangladeshi New Women’s ‘Smart’ Dressing: Negotiating Class, Culture, and Religion. In Rethinking New Womanhood: Practices of Gender, Class, Culture and Religion in South Asia, ed. Nazia Hussein, 97–121. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67900-6_5.
IFC, International Finance Corporation. 2007. Women Entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North Africa: Characteristics, Contributions and Challenges. USA & Tunisia: International Finance Corporation (IFC), Center of Arab Women for Training and Research (CAWTAR). Available at https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/publications/publications_report_womenentrepreneurs-mena__wci__1319577511913.
IFC, International Finance Corporation. 2016. Women-Owned SMEs in Indonesia: A Golden Opportunity for Local Financial Institutions. International Finance Corporation (IFC), USAID. Available at https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25403.
ILO. 2018. Domestic Workers and Employers in the Arab States. Available at https://www.ilo.org/beirut/publications/WCMS_619661/lang--en/index.htm
ILO. 2021. Labour Migration in Bangladesh. International Labour Organization (ILO). Available at https://www.ilo.org/dhaka/Areasofwork/labour-migration/lang--en/index.htm.
Iqbal, Tahir. 2020. Understanding the Perception of Women Entrepreneurs and Their Adoption of Social Media: Strategies and Challenges in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 23 (5): 1–21.
Ismail, Raihan. 2018. The Power of Saudi Arabia’s Clerics and the Struggle for Religious Authority ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/religion/power-of-saudi-clerics/10451284. Accessed 19 Aug 2021.
Jamjoom, Fatima B., and Philippa Kelly. 2013. Higher Education for Women in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In Higher Education in Saudi Arabia, eds. Smith L., and A. Abouammoh, 117–125. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6321-0_11.
Johnson, Mark. 2011. Freelancing in the Kingdom: Filipino Migrant Domestic Workers Crafting Agency in Saudi Arabia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 20 (3–4): 459–478.
Jones, Carla. 2004. Whose Stress? Emotion Work in Middle-Class Javanese Homes. Ethnos 69 (4): 509–528.
Jones, Carla. 2018. Consumption and the New Middle Classes. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia, ed. Robert W. Hefner, 187–196. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315628837-15.
Kamrava, Mehran, and Zahra Babar. 2012. Migrant Labor in the Persian Gulf. London: Hurst.
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1988. Bargaining with Patriarchy. Gender & Society 2 (3): 274–290.
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 1993. Islam and Patriarchy: A Comparative Perspective. In Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender, eds. Nikki R. Keddie and Beth Baron, 23–42. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 2008. Islam and Patriarchy: A Comparative Perspective. In Women in Middle Eastern History, eds. Nikki R. Keddie and Beth Baron, 23–42. Yale University Press.
Karim, Lamia. 2008. Demystifying Micro-Credit: The Grameen Bank, NGOs, and Neoliberalism in Bangladesh. Cultural Dynamics 20 (1): 5–29.
Karim, Lamia. 2011. Microfinance and Its Discontents: Women in Debt in Bangladesh. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Khan, Rimi. 2019. ‘Be Creative’ in Bangladesh? Mobility, Empowerment and Precarity in Ethical Fashion Enterprise. Cultural Studies 33 (6): 1029–1049.
Khan, Shahrukh Rafi, and Shaheen Rafi Khan. 2016. Microcredit in South Asia: Privileging Women’s Perceptions and Voices. Progress in Development Studies 16 (1): 65–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993415608083.
Kloos, David. 2019. Experts Beyond Discourse: Women, Islamic Authority, and the Performance of Professionalism in Malaysia. American Ethnologist 46 (2): 162–175.
Kloos, David. 2021. Risky Appearances, Skillful Performances: Female Islamic Preachers and Professional Style in Malaysia. American Anthropologist. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13556.
Langworthy, Melissa, and Tonia Warnecke. 2021. “Top-Down” Enterprise Development and Covid-19 Impacts on Gulf Women. Journal of Economic Issues 55 (2): 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2021.1908085.
Larson, Silva, Natalie Stoeckl, Mardiana E. Fachry, Dalvi Mustafa, Lapong Muhammad, Purnomo Imran, Agus Heri, et al. 2021. Women’s Well-Being and Household Benefits from Seaweed Farming in Indonesia. Aquaculture 530: 735711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735711.
Le Renard, Amélie. 2008. “Only for Women:” Women, the State, and Reform in Saudi Arabia. The Middle East Journal 62 (4): 610–629.
Mahmud, Simeen. 2003. Female Secondary School Stipend Programme in Bangladesh: A Critical Assessment. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2003/2004, The Leap to Equality. Available at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146803.
Malaysia Academia Industry Network Ceo’s Biodata: Dato’ Yusof Jusoh. Malaysia Academia Industry Network. http://ceo.myain.my/ceo/18. Accessed 10 Apr 2021.
Mallick, Ross. 2002. Implementing and Evaluating Microcredit in Bangladesh. Development in Practice 12 (2): 153–163.
Marshall, Katherine. 2017. Gender Roles and Political, Social, and Economic Change in Bangladesh and Senegal. In Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Comparative Perspective, eds. Jocelyne Cesari and José Casanova, 139–159. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mastercard. 2020. The Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs. Available at https://www.mastercard.com/news/media/1ulpy5at/ma_miwe-report-2020.pdf.
Mayberry, Kate. 2015. How Muslim Headscarves Became a Fashion Empire. @BBC_Worklife. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20151214-how-muslim-headscarves-became-a-huge-fashion-empire. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
MBSC. 2020. 2020 MBSC Impact Report Creating Sustainable Social & Economic Value. MBSC. https://www.mbsc.edu.sa/impact/#General_statistics.
McElwee, Gerard, and Rahma Al-Riyami. 2003. Women Entrepreneurs in Oman: Some Barriers to Success. Career Development International 8 (7): 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430310505296.
Mehtap, Salime, Leyla Ozmenekse, and Andrea Caputo 2019. “I’m a Stay at Home Businesswoman”: An Insight into Informal Entrepreneurship in Jordan. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 11 (1). https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-10-2017-0080.
Mellor, Noha, and Khalil Rinnawi. 2016. Political Islam and Global Media: The Boundaries of Religious Identity. New York: Routledge.
Meuleman, Johan. 2011. Dakwah, Competition for Authority, and Development. Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land-En Volkenkunde/journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 167 (2–3): 236–269.
Michaelson, Ruth. 2019. An ‘Oasis’ for Women? Inside Saudi Arabia’s Vast New Female-Only Workspaces. The Guardian, 20 July. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jul/20/an-oasis-for-women-inside-saudi-arabias-vast-new-female-only-workspaces.
Ming-Yen, Teoh Wendy, and Chong Siong-Choy. 2007. Theorising a Framework of Factors Influencing Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability 3 (2): 1.
Mohsina, Nazneen, and Amit Ranjan. 2019. The Radicalisation of Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Singapore. Institute of South Asian Studies (ISAS). https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/the-radicalisation-of-bangladeshi-migrant-workers-in-singapore/. Accessed 22 Aug 2019.
MomentMag. 2013. [Video] Why Amina Wadud Led a Mixed-Gender Muslim Prayer. YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_flQbtI1U4.
Montgomery, Richard, Debapriya Bhattacharya, and David Hulme. 1996. Credit for the Poor in Bangladesh. The Brac Rural Development Programme and the Government Thana Resource Development and Employment Programme. In Finance against Poverty, eds. David Hulme and Paul Mosley, 94–176. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203978924.
Moser, Sarah. 2012. Circulating Visions of ‘High Islam’: The Adoption of Fantasy Middle Eastern Architecture in Constructing Malaysian National Identity. Urban Studies 49 (13): 2913–2935.
Mridha, Limana Solaiman. 2015. Rural Entrepreneurs: Women Step up to Lift Their Families out of Poverty. The Independent. https://www.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/22791/2015-11-13. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Mubarok, M Zaki, and Ahmad Fauzi Abdul Hamid. 2018. The Rise of Radicalism and Terrorism in Indonesia and Malaysia. Review of Islam in Southeast Asia 1 (1): 29–43.
Murray, Alison J. 1991. No Money No Honey: A Study of Street Traders and Prostitutes in Jakarta. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Nagata, Judith. 1980. Religious Ideology and Social Change: The Islamic Revival in Malaysia. Pacific Affairs 53 (3): 405–439.
Nahar, Papreen, and Annemiek Richters. 2011. Suffering of Childless Women in Bangladesh: The Intersection of Social Identities of Gender and Class. Anthropology & Medicine 18 (3): 327–338.
Olivier, Bob. 2016. The Malaysian Islamization Phenomenon: The Underlying Dynamics and Their Impact on Muslim Women. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 27 (3): 267–282.
Papanek, Hanna, and Laurel Schwede. 1988. Women Are Good with Money: Earning and Managing in an Indonesian City. Economic and Political Weekly: WS73–WS84.
Pikkat, Krista, and Jasmina Šopova. 2018. Bibi Russell: Finding Magic in Fingers. The UNESCO Courier. April–June. UNESCO. Available at https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000261912.
Rafiki, Ahmad, and Fahmi Natigor Nasution. 2019. Business Success Factors of Muslim Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 13 (5): 584–604. https://doi.org/10.1108/jec-04-2019-0034.
Rahman, Aminur. 1999. Women and Microcredit in Rural Bangladesh: Anthropological Study of the Rhetoric and Realities of Grameen Bank Lending. USA: Westview Press.
Raihan, Selim, and Sayema Haque Bidisha. 2018. Female Employment Stagnation in Bangladesh’ A Research Paper on Economic Dialogue on Inclusive Growth in Bangladesh. South Asian Network on Economic Modeling (SANEM), The Asia Foundation, DFID, UKaid.
Ram, Sadho. 2016. 8 Malaysian Female Entrepreneurs You Should Know Who Have Made It Big in Their Fields. SAYS. https://says.com/my/lifestyle/women-entrepreneurs-in-malaysia-who-broke-the-glass-ceiling. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Redvers, Louise. 2016. The High-End, Designer Fashion Hidden Beneath the Abaya. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20160623-the-high-end-designer-fashion-hidden-beneath-the-abaya. Accessed 10 Aug 2021.
Robinson, Kathryn. 2009. Gender, Islam, and Democracy in Indonesia. Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Ross, Michael L. 2008. Oil, Islam, and Women. American Political Science Review 102 (1): 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055408080040.
Rudnyckyj, Daromir. 2013. From Wall Street to Halal Street: Malaysia and the Globalization of Islamic Finance. The Journal of Asian Studies 72 (4): 831–848.
Sadi, Muhammad A., and Basheer M. Al-Ghazali. 2012. The Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Motivation Among Women: A Comparative Study of Businesswomen in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Asian Academy of Management Journal 17 (1): 97–113.
Sakai, Minako, and Bhirawa Anoraga. 2020. Education, Digital Enterprise and Islam in the Indonesian Modern Embedded Economy. In Muslim Women in the Economy: Development, Faith and Globalisation, eds. Shamim Samani and Dora Marinova, 214–228. Oxon and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429263194.
Sakai, Minako, and Amelia Fauzia. 2016. Performing Muslim Womanhood: Muslim Business Women Moderating Islamic Practices in Contemporary Indonesia. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 27 (3): 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2015.1114243.
Salehin, Mohammad Musfequs. 2016. Piety, Gender Relations and Muslim Women’s Empowerment: The Case of Islamic Ngos in Bangladesh. In Islam and Development: Exploring the Invisible Aid Economy, eds. Matthew Clarke and David Tittensor, 183–206. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315589893.
Schröter, Susanne. 2013. Gender and Islam in Southeast Asia: An Overview. In Gender and Islam in Southeast Asia: Women’s Rights Movements, Religious Resurgence and Local Traditions, ed. Susanne Schröter, 7–52. Leiden: Brill.
Shah, Saeeda. 2018. ‘We Are Equals’; Datum or Delusion: Perceptions of Muslim Women Academics in Three Malaysian Universities. British Journal of Sociology of Education 39 (3): 299–315.
Shamsul, Amri Baharuddin. 1997. Identity Construction, Nation Formation, and Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia. In Islam in an Era of Nation-States, ed. Robert W. Hefiner, 207–228. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Sharma, Karina, and Khulood Ahmed. 2020. Meet the Saudi Arabian Designer Ready to Make a Statement with Her Latest Collection. Vogue. https://en.vogue.me/fashion/video-razan-alazzouni/. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Sharma, Mihir S. 2021. Bangladesh Rises to Be South Asia’s Standout Star as India, Pak Fall Behind. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/bangladesh-rises-to-be-south-asia-s-standout-star-as-india-pak-fall-behind-121060100237_1.html. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Shiraishi, Saya. 1995. Children’s Stories and the State in New Order Indonesia. In Children and the Politics of Culture, ed. Sharon Stephens, 169–183. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sidani, Yusuf. 2018. Muslim Women at Work: Religious Discourses in Arab Society. New York: Springer.
Silvey, Rachel. 2006. Consuming the Transnational Family: Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers to Saudi Arabia. Global Networks 6 (1): 23–40.
Sirry, Mun’im. 2013. Fatwas and Their Controversy: The Case of the Council of Indonesian Ulama (Mui). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 44 (1): 100–117. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463412000641.
Sloane-White, Patricia. 2017. Corporate Islam: Sharia and the Modern Workplace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sloane-White, Patricia. 2018a. Company Rules: Sharia and Its Transgressions in the Malay-Muslim Corporate Workplace. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 37 (1): 89–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341803700104.
Sloane-White, Patricia. 2018b. Working in the Islamic Economy: Sharia-Ization and the Malaysian Workplace. Sojourn 33 (S): S264–S295. https://doi.org/10.1355/sj33-Sj.
Solati, Fariba. 2017. Women, Work, and Patriarchy in the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Springer.
Sullivan, Norma. 1994. Masters and Managers: A Study of Gender Relations in Urban Java. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
Sultan, Mohammad Tipu, and Farzana Sharmin. 2020. An Exploratory Investigation of Facebook Live Marketing by Women Entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. In Social Computing and Social Media. Participation, User Experience, Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing, ed. Gabriele Meiselwitz, 415–430. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49576-3_30.
Sundaram, Jomo Kwame. 1989. Malaysia’s New Economic Policy and National Unity. Third World Quarterly 11 (4): 36–53.
Syed, Jawad, Faiza Ali, and Sophie Hennekam. 2018. Gender Equality in Employment in Saudi Arabia: A Relational Perspective. Career Development International 23 (2): 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/cdi-07-2017-0126.
Tambunan, Tulus. 2008. SME Development in Indonesia: Do Economic Growth and Government Supports Matter? https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1218922. Accessed 9 Sept 2021.
Tambunan, Tulus. 2009. Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesia: Their Main Constraints and Reasons. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability V(3): 37–51.
Tambunan, Tulus. 2015. Development of Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesia: Are They Being Pushed or Pulled? Journal of Social Economics 2 (3): 131–149.
Tambunan, Tulus. 2016. Barriers to Women’s Entrepreneurship. In Routledge Handbook of Entrepreneurship in Developing Economies, eds. Colin C. Williams and Anjula Gurtoo, 260–277. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315725826.ch21.
Tambunan, Tulus. 2017. Women Entrepreneurs in Mses in Indonesia: Their Motivations and Main Constraints. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education 1–2: 56–86.
Vogel, Frank E. 2011. Saudi Arabia: Public, Civil, and Individual Shari’a in Law and Politics. In Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World, ed. Robert W. Hefner, 55–93. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
White, Sarah C. 2012. Beyond the Paradox: Religion, Family and Modernity in Contemporary Bangladesh. Modern Asian Studies 46 (5): 1429–1458. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000133.
Wie, Thee Kian. 2002. The Soeharto Era and After: Stability, Development and Crisis, 1966–2000. In The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800–2000, eds. Howard Dick, Vincent J.H. Houben, J. Thomas Lindblad, and Thee Kian Wie, 194–243. Australia and Honolulu: Allen & Unwin, University of Hawai'i Press.
Williams, Colin C. 2018. Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector: An Institutional Perspective. London: Routledge.
Williams, Colin, and Anjula Gurtoo. 2011. Evaluating Competing Explanations for Street Entrepreneurship: Some Evidence from India. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 1 (2): 3–19.
Williams, Colin C., and Sara Nadin. 2010. Entrepreneurship and the Informal Economy: An Overview. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 15 (4): 361–378.
World Bank. 2019. The Little Data Book on Gender. World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31689. Accessed 7 Apr 2021.
World Bank. 2020. Women, Business and the Law. World Bank. https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
World Bank. 2021. Beyond Unicorns: Harnessing Digital Technologies for Inclusion in Indonesia. World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/36018. Accessed 10 Aug 2021.
World Economic Forum. 2019. The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality/digest. Accessed 10 Apr 2021.
World Economic Forum. n.d.-a. Bibi Russell Fashion Designer: Bibi Productions Fashion for Development. https://www.weforum.org/people/bibi-russell. Accessed 7 Apr 2021.
World Economic Forum. n.d.-b. Maliha m. Quadir, Founding Director of Shohoj Limited. https://www.weforum.org/people/maliha-m-quadir. Accessed 7 Apr 2021.
Ying, Lim Li. 2019. What Is the Story Behind Neelofa, One of Malaysia’s Hottest Instagram Influencers? South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3030645/why-do-brands-chanel-and-dior-adore-neelofa-one-malaysias. Accessed 7 Apr 2021.
Yulianti, F. 2011. Suapan Nasi Kunyit, Tanda Cinta Ibu Pada Ibas-Aliya Okezone Lifestyle. https://lifestyle.okezone.com/read/2011/11/24/29/533688/suapan-nasi-kunyit-tanda-cinta-ibu-pada-ibas-aliya. Accessed 18 Aug 2021.
Yusof, Vivy. 2011. ‘[Youtube Channel] Vivy Yusof’ Yusof, Vivy. YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHY0v1pMghChYoUAOkqHkhQ.
Yusof, Vivy. 2019. [Video] My Everyday Hijab Tutorial (3 Simple Styles). Yusof, Vivy. 19 July. YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2olF77y0iU.
Zamberi Ahmad, Syed. 2011. Evidence of the Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 3 (2): 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261111140206.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sakai, M. (2022). Women and Entrepreneurship in Muslim Countries. In: Women Entrepreneurs and Business Empowerment in Muslim Countries. Gender, Development and Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05954-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05954-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-05953-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-05954-4
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)