Abstract
Digital banking is a huge digital revolution in the Iraqi environment, as countries are now seen as cash-based societies. It is clear from the literature that the factors that could affect the intentions of individuals towards adopting digital wallets among Iraqis are unclear. This research aims to investigate the relationship between the variables represented by (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence, compatibility, trialability, perceived trust, perceived security, intention to use digital wallet, adoption of digital wallets) with the intention to adopt digital wallets and by relying on the (TAM and IDT) model, perceived security factors and perceived trust. The hypothesized model is validated empirically via a questionnaire including 57-item based on 5-point Likert scales completed by 617 respondents (random sampled). Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the proposed model by analyzing the confirmatory factor and path effects across the AMOS software. The results demonstrate that the indicators of model fit showed good fit. Also, the results obtained through this study also showed the importance and significance of the factors selected in this study in influencing individuals in the use and adoption of digital wallets. The study also revealed some practical effects that may be beneficial to managers, decision-makers and information technology specialists in a way that motivates them towards an interest in adopting digital wallets among Iraqis.
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The authors are very grateful to the University of Mosul College of Administration & Economics for their provided facilities, which help to improve the quality of this work.
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Appendix 1: Measurement Items
Appendix 1: Measurement Items
Dear Sir/Madam:
We are writing an essay on “Investigate the Factors Affecting Towards Adoption of Digital Wallets in Iraq”. We will be very grateful if you could spare a few minutes of your precious time to answer the following questions. I would like to assure you that your responses will be treated in strict confidentiality.
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Demographic Characteristics:
Gender:
Age (Years):
The scale | Strongly disagree | Disagree | Unsure | Agree | Strongly agree |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
R | Questions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived usefulness | ||||||
1 | Using an e-wallet makes it easier for me to conduct my daily transactions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | Using an e-wallet allows me to manage my transactions more efficiently | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Using an e-wallet increases my productivity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Using an e-wallet enables me to accomplish tasks e.g., payments more quickly | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | Overall, I believe an e-wallet is more useful than traditional ways of conduct transactions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Perceived ease of use | ||||||
1 | Learning how to use an e-Wallet is easy for me | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | My interaction with an e-Wallet is clear and understandable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | I find an e-wallet easy to use | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | It is easy for me to become skillful at using an e-wallet | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | It is easy for me to remember how to perform task with an e-wallet | |||||
6 | I like the fact that payments done through an e-wallet require minimum effort | |||||
Social influence | ||||||
1 | People who influence my behavior think that I should use an e-wallet | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | People who are important to me think that I should use an e-wallet | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | e-wallets are widely used by people in my community | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Almost all my friends use e-wallets | |||||
5 | My family members use e-wallets | |||||
Compatibility | ||||||
1 | Using e-wallet services is compatible with all aspects of my lifestyle | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | Using e-wallet services fits into my lifestyle | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Using e-wallet services fits well with the way I like to purchase products and services | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Using e-wallets is completely compatible with my current situation | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Trialability | ||||||
1 | I have many opportunities to try digital wallet technology | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I have the knowledge where to try digital wallet technology | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Before finally adopting any digital technology, we can experimentally use this technology | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | The period allowed for us to experiment with digital wallets before its final implementation is sufficient to satisfactorily identify it | |||||
Perceived trust | ||||||
1 | I trust that a transaction conducted through an e-wallet is secure and private | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I trust payments made through e-wallet channels will be processed securely | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | I believe my personal information on an e-wallet will be kept confidential | |||||
4 | I believe e-wallet providers keeps customers’ best interests in mind | |||||
5 | I believe that in case of any issue, the e-wallet service provider will provide me assistance | |||||
6 | I believe that the e-wallet service providers follow consumer laws | |||||
Perceived security | ||||||
1 | I do not fear security issues with e-wallet | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I believe e-wallets are secure | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | I believe if I stored information on e-wallet it would be secure | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Intention to use digital wallets | ||||||
1 | Assuming that I have access to e-wallet, I intend to use it | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I intend to use an e-wallet if the cost and times is reasonable for me | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | I intend to use an e-wallet in the future | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | I intend to increase my use of e-wallets in the future | |||||
5 | I intend to continue using an e-wallet more frequently in the future | |||||
6 | I intend to use an e-wallet in my daily life | |||||
Adoption of digital wallets | ||||||
1 | I often use an e-wallet to manage my account | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | I often use an e-wallet to transfer and remit money | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | I often use an e-wallet to make payments | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Subscribe to financial products that are exclusive to mobile banking | |||||
5 | On average, how often have you used an e-wallet per month? (Never, 1–5 times; 6 to 10 times; 11 to 15 times; More than 15 times) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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Alsamman, T.A., Alshaher, A.A., Alsamman, A.T.A. (2022). An Investigation the Factors Affecting Towards Adoption of Digital Wallets in Iraq. In: Yaseen, S.G. (eds) Digital Economy, Business Analytics, and Big Data Analytics Applications. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 1010. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05258-3_20
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