Abstract
This research aims to look at the effects of using uncrushed cockle shells (UCS) as a coarse aggregate in standard weight concrete (NWC). The local fish called it “blood cockle”, is also known as “Kerang” in Malay. Landfill management issues and air pollution resulted from the disposal of large amounts of waste shells into landfills. As more and more mining activities for building aggregate are carried out, it was critical to investigate new possible materials that could turn waste into useable construction material. Hence, the idea of using waste cockle shells as one possible material is developed. In this study, the coarse aggregate was substituted with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% Uncrushed Cockle Shell (UCS). A total of 36 concrete cube specimens were produced in six batches with varying percentages of uncrushed cockle shell replacement. Six concrete cube samples per batch were cast and water cured for 7 and 28 days, respectively, before the compressive strength test. The workability and compressive strength between the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and (UCS) concrete are compared in this study article. A slump cone test was performed on the (OPC) and (UCS) concrete mixtures to observe and record the slump value. Both OPC and (UCS) concrete cube specimens' compressive strength were evaluated. In addition, the best % replacement of cockle shells as coarse aggregate in terms of maximal compressive strength was found. Repurposing aquaculture by-products to replace natural aggregates would be a brilliant concept. However, putting this theory into practice is difficult since more supporting data are needed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdullahi, M. (2012). Effect of aggregate type on compressive strength of concrete. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 2(3), 791–800.
Alfagi, A., Purnaweni, H., Setiani, O. (2015). Waste management in KFC and Pizza Hut case study in Semarang, Indonesia. Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, 2015(1), 1–15. https://www.sjpub.org/sjeer/sjeer-285.pdf
Arimanwa, M. C., Onwuka, D. O., & Arimanwa, J. I. (2016). Effect of chemical composition of ordinary Portland cement on the compressive strength of concrete. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 5(3), 20–31. http://www.irjes.com/Papers/vol5-issue3/D532031.pdf
ASTM E1252-98. (2013). Standard practice for general techniques for obtaining infrared spectra for qualitative analysis. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1252-98R13E01
ASTM E168-16. (2016). Standard practices for general techniques of infrared quantitative analysis. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0168-16
ASTM C1723-16. (2016). Standard guide for examination of hardened concrete using scanning electron microscopy. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C1723-16
ASTM E1508-12. (2019). Standard guide for quantitative analysis by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1508-12AR19
ASTM C143/C143M-20. (2020). Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. ASTM International. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0143_C0143M-20
Asamoah, R. O., Ankrah, J. S., Offei-Nyako, K., & Tutu, E. O. (2016). Cost analysis of precast and cast-in-place concrete construction for selected public buildings in Ghana. Journal of Construction Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8785129
Barham, W. S., Obaidat, Y. T., & Maabreh, A. I. (2019). Effect of aggregate size on the bond behavior between carbon fiber-reinforced polymer sheets and concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(12), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002950
Benghida, D. (2017). Concrete as a sustainable construction material. Key Engineering Materials, 744(1), 196–200. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.744.196
BS EN 12390-3. (2019). Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens. British Standard Institution.
Chin, M. Y., Rahman, M. R., Yong, C. W. P., Wong, A. M. C., & Bakri, M. K. B. (2020a). The curing times effect on the strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 260(1), 120622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120622
Chin, M. Y., Rahman, M. R., Kuok, K. K., Chiew, W. Y., & Bakri, M. K. B. (2020b). Characterization and impact of curing duration on the compressive strength of coconut shell coarse aggregate in concrete. BioResources, 16(3), 6057–6073. https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_16_3_6057_Chin_Curing_Duration_Compressive_Strength_Coconut_Shell
Collivignarelli, M., Cillari, G., Ricciardi, P., Miino, M. C., Toretta, V., Rada, E. C., & Abba, A. (2020). The production of sustainable concrete with the use of alternative aggregates: A review. Sustainability, 12(19), 7903. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197903
Csikosova, A., Janoskova, M., & Culkova, K. (2020). Application of discriminant analysis for avoiding the risk of quarry operation failure. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(10), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13100231
Czapik, P. (2020). Microstructure and degradation of mortar containing waste glass aggregate as evaluated by various microscopic techniques. Materials, 13(9), 2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092186
Doostmohammadi, A., Monshi, A., Salehi, R., Fathi, M. H., Golniya, Z., & Daniels, A. U. (2011). Bioactive glass nanoparticles with negative zeta potential. Ceramics International, 37(7), 2311–2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.03.026
Drew, L. J., Hanger, W. H., & Sachs, J. S. (2002). Environmentalism and natural aggregate mining. Natural Resources Research, 11(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014283519471
Eziefula, U. G. (2017). Developments in utilisation of agricultural and aquaculture by-products as aggregate in concrete—A review. Environmental Technology Reviews, 7(1), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2017.1423399
Gergely, G., Weber, F., Lukacs, I., Toth, A. L., Horvath, Z. E., Mihaly, J., & Balazsi, C. (2010). Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite from Eggshell. Ceramics International, 36(2), 803–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.09.020
George, P., Abdul Hamid, Z., Bakar, M. Z. A., Perimal, E. K., & Bharatham, H. (2019). A short review on cockle shells as biomaterials in the context of bone scaffold fabrication. Sains Malaysiana, 48(7), 1539–1545. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4807-23
Hamli, H., Idris, M. H., Hena, M. K. A., & Rajaee, A. H. (2019). Fisheries assessment, gametogenesis and culture practice of local bivalve: A review. Tropical Agricultural Science, 42(1), 103–124. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pertanika%20PAPERS/JTAS%20Vol.%2042%20(1)%20Feb.%202019/08%20JTAS-1427-2017.pdf
Hilal, A. A., Thom, N. H., & Dawson, A. R. (2016). Failure mechanism of foamed concrete made with/without additives and lightweight aggregate. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 14(9), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.14.511
Hossen, M. F., Hamdan, S., & Rahman, M. R. (2014). Cadmium and lead in Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) from Asajaya, Sarawak, Malaysia. The Scientific World Journal, 1, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/924360
Imbabi, M. S., Carrigan, C., & McKenna, S. (2012). Trends and developments in green cement and concrete technology. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 1(2), 194–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.05.001
Islam, K. N., Bakar, M. Z. B. A., Noordin, M. M., Hussein, M. Z. B., Rahman, N. S. B. A., & Ali, M. E. (2011). Characterisation of calcium carbonate and its polymorphs from cockle shells (Anadara granosa). Poweder Technologu, 213(1–3), 188–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.07.031
Kamba, A. S., Ismail, M., Ibrahim, T. A. T., & Zakaria, Z. A. (2013). Synthesis and characterisation of calcium carbonate aragonite nanocrystals from cockle shell powder (Anadara granosa). Journal of Nanomaterials, 1, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/398357
Kang, S.-P., Lee, J.-W., & Ryu, H.-J. (2008). Phase behaviour of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates in meso- and macro-sized porous media. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 274(1), 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2008.09.003
Langer, W. H., & Arbogast, B. F. (2002). Environmental impacts of mining natural aggregate. In: A.G. Fabbri, G. Gaál, & R.B. McCammon (Eds.) Deposit and geoenvironmental models for resource exploitation and environmental security (Vol. 80, pp. 151–169). Nato Science Partnership Subseries: 2. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0303-2_8
Matschei, T., Lothenbach, B., & Glasser, F. P. (2007). The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(4), 551–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.013
Martinez-Porchas, M., & Martinez-Cordova, L. R. (2012). World aquaculture: Environmental impacts and troubleshooting alternatives. The Scientific World Journal, 1, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/389623
Mohamad, N., Muthusamy, K., & Ismail, M. A. (2021). Cockle shell as mixing ingredient in concrete: A review. Construction, 1(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.15282/construction.v1i2.6503
Morris, J. P., Backeljau, T., & Chapelle, G. (2018). Shells from aquaculture: A valuable biomaterial, not a nuisance waste product. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12225
Muthusamy, K., & Sabri, N. A. (2012). International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 1(4), 260–267.
Olivia, M., Oktaviani, R., & Ismeddiyanto. (2017). Properties of concrete containing ground waste cockle and clam seashells. Procedia Engineering, 171(1), 658–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.404
Pheng, L. S., & Hou, L. S. (2019). The economy and the construction industry. In: L. S. Pheng & L. S. Hou (Eds.), Construction quality and the economy (pp. 21–54). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5847-0_2
Polat, R., Yadollahi, M. M., Sagsoz, A. E., & Arasan, S. (2013). The Correlation between Aggregate Shape and Compressive Strength of Concrete: Digital Image Processing Approach. International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, 2(3), 62–80. http://www.ijscer.com/uploadfile/2015/0429/20150429074945165.pdf
Ponnada, M. R., Prasad, S. S., & Dharmala, H. (2016). Compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of aggregates with granite powder and cockle shell. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(2), 183–204.
Poulin, R., & Sinding, K. (1996). A North American perspective on land use and mineral aggregate production. GeoJournal, 40(3), 273–281. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147000
Qureshi, M. A., Aslam, M., Shah, S. N. R., & Otho, S. H. (2015). Influence of aggregate characteristics on the compressive strength of normal weight concrete. Technical Journal University of Engineering and Technology, 20(3), 1–11.
Rahman, M. A., Sarker, P. K., Shaikh, F. U. A., & Saha, A. K. (2017). Soundness and compressive strength of Portland cement blended with ground granulated ferronickel slag. Construction and Building Materials, 140(1), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.023
Ramakrishna, B., & Sateesh, A. (2016). Exploratory study on the use of cockle shell as partial Coarse & Fine aggregate replacement in concrete. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(6), 2347–2349. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V3/i6/IRJET-V3I6440.pdf
Rashad, A. M. (2016). A comprehensive overview about recycling rubber as fine aggregate replacement in traditional cementitious materials. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(1), 46–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.11.003
Rico, S., Farshidpour, R., & Tehrani, F. M. (2017). State-of-the-art report on fiber-reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete masonry. Advances in Civil Engineering, 1, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8078346
Rio-Chanona, R. M. D., Mealy, P., Pichler, A., Lafond, F., & Farmer, J. D. (2020). Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: An industry and occupation perspective. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1), S94–S137. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa033
Sadh, P. K., Duhan, S., & Duhan, J. S. (2018). Agro-industrial wastes and their utilization using solid state fermentation: A review. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 5(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-017-0187-z
Saranya, C. V. (2017). Assessment of concrete by partial replacement of coarse aggregate by cockle shell with glass fibre. International Journal of Intelligence Research, 9(1), 1–6. http://ijoir.com/Files/54.pdf
Shafigh, P., Jumaat, M. Z., & Mahmud, H. B. (2012). Effect of replacement of normal weight coarse aggregate with oil palm shell on properties of concrete. Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering, 37(1), 955–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-012-0233-2
Tian, L., Tian, X., Hu, G., Wang, Y., & Ren, L. (2014). Effects and mechanisms of surface topography on the antiwear properties of molluscan shells (Scapharca subcrenata) using the fluid-solid interaction method. The Scientific World Journal, 1, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/185370
Uddin, M. A., Jamee, M., Sobuz, H. R., Islam, M. S., & Hasan, N. M. S. (2013). Experimental study on strength gaining characteristics of concrete using Portland composite cement. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 17(1), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0236-x
Vaiciukyniene, D., Skipkiunas, G., Dauksys, M., & Sasnauskas, V. (2013). Cement hydration with zeolite-based additive. Chemija, 24(4), 271–278.
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., & Hall, J. W. (2021). Global economic impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures stand out in high-frequency shipping data. PLoS ONE, 16(4), e0248818. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248818
Wegian, F. M. (2010). Effect of seawater for mixing and curing on structural concrete. The IES Journal Part a: Civil & Structural Engineering, 3(4), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/19373260.2010.521048
Witoon, T. (2011). Characterization of calcium oxide derived from waste eggshell and its application as CO2 sorbent. Ceramic International, 37(8), 3291–3298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.05.125
Wu, J., Wei, H., & Peng, L. (2019). Research on the evolution of building technology based on regional revitalization. Buildings, 9(7), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9070165
Yaacob, I. I., Ali, M. Y., Sopyan, L., & Hashmi, S. (2015). Effect of calcium carbonate replacement on workability and mechanical strength of Portland cement concrete. Advanced Materials Research, 1115(1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1115.137
Zakaria, F. Z., Mihaly, J., Sajo, I., Katona, R., Hajba, L., Aziz, F. A., & Mink, J. (2008). FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopic characterization of biogenic carbonates from Philippine venus seashell and Porites sp. Coral. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 39(9), 1204–1209. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1964
Zhang, W., Zakaria, M., & Hama, Y. (2013). Influence of aggregate materials characteristics on the drying shrinkage properties of mortar and concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 49(1), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.069
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) for the collaboration.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yun, C.M., Rahman, M.R., Kuok, K.K., Sze, A.C.P., Kung-Jiek, J.T., Bakri, M.K.B. (2022). Uncrushed Cockleshell as Coarse Aggregate Filler Replacement in Concrete. In: Rahman, M.R., Mei Yun, C., Bakri, M.K.B. (eds) Waste Materials in Advanced Sustainable Concrete. Engineering Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98812-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98812-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-98811-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-98812-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)