Abstract
Biologic therapy, and particularly teprotumumab, can achieve disease-modifying response without the adverse effects of systemic steroids for active thyroid eye disease. The following manuscripts detail the evidence behind various steroid-sparing biologic agents for thyroid eye disease.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bahn RS, Gorman CA (1987) Choice of therapy and criteria for assessing treatment outcome in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 16:391–407
Stan MN, Garrity JA, Leon BGC, Prabin T, Bradley EA, Bahn RS (2015) Randomized controlled trial of rituximab in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:432–441
Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Currò N, Introna M, Rossi S, Bonara P, Covelli D, Dazzi D, Guastella C, Pignataro L, Ratiglia R, Golay J, Beck-Peccoz P (2012) Small dose of rituximab for Graves orbitopathy: new insights into the mechanism of action. Arch Ophthalmol 130:122
Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Currò N et al (2015) Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:422–431
Smith TJ, Kahaly GJ, Ezra DG et al (2017) Teprotumumab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 376:1748–1761
Douglas RS, Kahaly GJ, Patel A et al (2020) Teprotumumab for the treatment of active thyroid eye disease. N Engl J Med 382:341–352
Perros P, Weightman DR, Crombie AL, Kendall-Taylor P (1990) Azathioprine in the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Acta Endocrinol 122:8–12
Kahaly GJ, Riedl M, König J et al (2018) Mycophenolate plus methylprednisolone versus methylprednisolone alone in active, moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy (MINGO): a randomised, observer-masked, multicentre trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6:287–298
Prummel MF, Mourits MP, Berghout A, Krenning EP, van der Gaag R, Koornneef L, Wiersinga WM (1989) Prednisone and cyclosporine in the treatment of severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 321:1353–1359
Rivera-Grana E, Lin P, Suhler EB, Rosenbaum JT (2015) Methotrexate as a corticosteroid-sparing agent for thyroid eye disease. J Clin Exp Ophthalmol 06:1–9
Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, Eckstein A, Kahaly GJ, Marcocci C, Perros P, Salvi M, Wiersinga WM (2016) The 2016 European Thyroid Association/European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy Guidelines for the management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur Thyroid J 5:9–26
Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Campi I et al (2006) Efficacy of rituximab treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy as a result of intraorbital B-cell depletion in one patient unresponsive to steroid immunosuppression. Eur J Endocrinol 154:511–517
Stan MN, Salvi M (2017) Rituximab therapy for Graves’ orbitopathy – lessons from randomized control trials. Eur J Endocrinol 176:R101–R109
Russell DJ, Wagner LH, Seiff SR (2017) Tocilizumab as a steroid sparing agent for the treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 7:146–148
Perez-Moreiras JV, Gomez-Reino JJ, Maneiro JR, et al (2018) Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant Graves orbitopathy: a randomized clinical trial. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.038
Ayabe R, Rootman DB, Hwang CJ, Ben-Artzi A, Goldberg R (2014) Adalimumab as steroid-sparing treatment of inflammatory-stage thyroid eye disease. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 30:415–419
Ozzello DJ, Kikkawa DO, Korn BS (2020) Early experience with teprotumumab for chronic thyroid eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 19:100744
Sears CM, Azad AD, Dosiou C, Kossler AL. Teprotumumab for Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: Early Response to Therapy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021;37(3S):S157–S160. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000001831. PMID: 32976335.
Mourits MP, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Koornneef L (1997) Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 47:9–14
Ugradar S, Rootman DB (2019) Noninflammatory thyroid eye disease. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 35:461–464
Uddin JM, Rubinstein T, Hamed-Azzam S (2018) Phenotypes of thyroid eye disease. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 34:S28–S33
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ramesh, S. (2022). Biologics for Thyroid Eye Disease. In: Foundational Papers in Oculoplastics . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92794-3_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92794-3_46
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-92793-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-92794-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)