Abstract
Health, although universally valued, does not have a universally shared definition. How we define a management goal, in this case health, sets the boundaries of our actions to meet that goal. Without a shared understanding of how to recognize health, it can be extremely hard to inspire cooperative action toward a shared health goal. This chapter explores three prevailing ways wildlife health has and can be defined: (1) as the absence of disease; (2) as capacity derived from interacting individual, environmental, and social factors that allows the individual or population to cope with all demands of daily life; or (3) as a social construct where individuals or population meet our social and scientific expectations for how they exist and persist in an environment. Concepts of population health can overlap with ideas of robustness and resilience. The clarity we provide for our population health goals will influence how society thinks about and acts on keeping wildlife healthy in a rapidly changing world.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Duffus AL (2009) Effects of environmental change on wildlife health. Philos Trans Roy Soc 364(1534):3429–3438
Briggs DJ (2008) A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks. Environ Health 7(1):1–7
Cohen B (2012) The uncertain future of Fraser River sockeye volume 3: recommendations–summary–process. Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ottawa
Deem SL, Karesh WB, Weisman W (2001) Putting theory into practice: wildlife health in conservation. Conserv Biol 15(5):1224–1233
Diez Roux AV (2011) Complex systems thinking and current impasses in health disparities research. Am J Public Health 101(9):1627–1634
Falk DA, Watts AC, Thode AE (2019) Scaling ecological resilience. Front Ecol Evol 24(7):275
Fraser D, Weary DM, Pajor EA, Milligan BN (1997) A scientific conception of animal welfare that reflects ethical concerns. Anim Welf 6:187–205
Fried LP, Piot P, Frenk JJ, Flahault A, Parker R (2012) Global public health leadership for the twenty-first century: towards improved health of all populations. Glob Public Health 7(sup1):5–15
GoC (2020) Implementing the population health approach. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/implementing-population-health-approach/implementing-population-health-approach.html#risk
Graham MH, Dayton PK (2002) On the evolution of ecological ideas: paradigms and scientific progress. Ecology 83(6):1481–1489
Hancock T, Labonte R, Edwards R (1999 Nov) Indicators that count! Measuring population health at the community level. Can J Public Health 90(1):S22–S26
Hanisch SL, Riley SJ, Nelson MP (2012) Promoting wildlife health or fighting wildlife disease: insights from history, philosophy, and science. Wildl Soc Bull 36(3):477–482
Jayasinghe S (2011) Conceptualising population health: from mechanistic thinking to complexity science. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 8(1):1–7
Kellermanns FW, Floyd SW, Pearson AW, Spencer B (2008) The contingent effect of constructive confrontation on the relationship between shared mental models and decision quality. J Organiz Behav 29(1):119–137
Kindig D, Stoddart G (2003) What is population health? Am J Public Health 93(3):380–383
Kirchhoff T, Brand FS, Hoheisel D, Grimm V (2010) The one-sidedness and cultural bias of the resilience approach. Gaia-Ecol Perspect Sci Soc 19(1):25–32
Kirkwood JK, Sainsbury AW (1996) Ethics of interventions for the welfare of free-living wild animals. Animal Welfare-Potters Bar 5:235–244
Laurance WF, Useche DC (2009) Environmental synergisms and extinctions of tropical species. Conserv Biol 23(6):1427–1437
McCrea R, Walton A, Leonard R (2014) A conceptual framework for investigating community wellbeing and resilience. Rural Soc 23(3):270–282
Nishi JS, Shury T, Elkin BT (2006) Wildlife reservoirs for bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in Canada: strategies for management and research. Vet Microbiol 112(2–4):325–338
Nordenfelt L (2011) Health and welfare in animals and humans. Acta Biotheor 59(2):139–152
Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (2014) The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344:6187
Pourbohloul B, Kieny MP (2011) Complex systems analysis: towards holistic approaches to health systems planning and policy. World Health Organ 89:242–242
Sharma A (2017) Syndemics: health in context. Lancet 389(10072):881
Sinclair D (2020) Exploring opportunities to modernize ontario’s approach to wildlife health through understanding literature, Stakeholders, Networks, Legislation, and Policy. Doctoral dissertation
Stephen C (2014) Toward a modernized definition of wildlife health. J Wildl Dis 50(3):427–430
Stephen C (2017) Wildlife health 2.0: bridging the knowledge-to-action gap. J Wildl Dis 53(1):1–4
Stephen C, Wade J (2018) Wildlife population welfare as coherence between adapted capacities and environmental realities: a case study of threatened lamprey on Vancouver Island. Front Veter Sci 24(5):227
Walsh FJ, Dobson PV, Douglas JC (2013) Anpernirrentye: a framework for enhanced application of indigenous ecological knowledge in natural resource management. Ecol Soc 18:3
Wendel PJ (2008) Models and paradigms in Kuhn and Halloun. Sci Educ 17(1):131–141
Wittrock J, Anholt M, Lee M, Stephen C (2019b) Is Fisheries and Oceans Canada policy receptive to a new Pacific salmon health perspective? Facets 4(1):615–625
Wittrock J, Duncan C, Stephen C (2019a) A determinants of health conceptual model for fish and wildlife health. J Wildl Dis 55(2):285–297
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stephen, C. (2022). What Is Wildlife Health?. In: Stephen, C. (eds) Wildlife Population Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90510-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90510-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-90509-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-90510-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)