Abstract
This chapter describes the design, the transmission characteristics, and the measurements technology of multi-core fibers (MCFs), few-mode fibers (FMFs), and few-mode multi-core fibers (FM-MCFs). Moreover, the cabling technology and future perspectives of innovative optical fiber cable technologies are presented.
Masaharu Ohashi and Shoichiro Matsuo are chapter editors.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Y. Tamura, H. Sakuma, K. Morita, M. Suzuki, Y. Yamamoto, K. Shimada, Y. Honma, K. Sohma, T. Fujii, T. Hasegawa, Lowest-Ever 0.1419-dB/km Loss Optical Fiber, in OFC 2017, Th5D.1 (2017)
K. Tajima, Low loss PCF by reduction of hole surface imperfection, in ECOC2007, PD2.1 (2007)
P.J. Roberts, F. Couny, H. Sabert, B.J. Mangan, D.P. Williams, L. Farr, M.W. Mason, A. Tomlinson, Ultimate low loss of hollow-core photonic crystal fibres. Opt. Express 13(1), 236–244 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.13.000236
Y. Chen, Z. Liu, S.R. Sandoghchi, G. Jasion, T.D. Bradley, E. Numkam, J.R. Hayes, N.V. Wheeler, D.R. Gray, B.J. Mangan, R. Slavik, F. Poletti, M.N. Petrovich, D.J. Richardson, Demonstration of an 11km Hollow core photonic bandgap fiber for broadband low-latency data transmission, in OFC2015, Th5A.1 (2015)
T.D. Bradley, J.R. Hayes, Y. Chen, G.T. Jasion, S.R. Sandoghchi, R. Slavik, E.N. Fokoua, S. Bawn, H. Sakr, I.A. Davidson, A. Taranta, J.P. Thomas, M.N. Petrovich, D.J. Richardson, F. Poletti, Record low-loss 1.3dB/km data transmitting antiresonant hollow core fibre, in ECOC2018, PDP Th3F.2 (2018)
M. Hirano, T. Haruna, Y. Tamura, T. Kawano, S. Ohnuki, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Koyano, T. Sasaki, Record low loss, record high fom optical fiber with manufacturable process, in OFC/NFOEC 2013, PDP5A.7 (2013)
Y. Kawaguchi, Y. Tamura, T. Haruna, Y. Yamamoto, M. Hirano, Ultra low-loss pure silica core fiber. SEI Techn. Rev. 80, 51–55 (2015)
T. Kato, M. Hirano, M. Onishi, M. Nishimura, Ultra-low nonlinearity low-loss pure silica core fibre for long-haul WDM transmission. Electron. Lett. 35(19), 1615–1617 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19991094
V. Carri, A. Carena, G. Bosco, P. Poggiolini, M. Hirano, Y. Yamamoto, F. Forghieri, Fiber figure of merit based on maximum reach. in OFC/NFOEC2013, OTh3G.2 (2013)
M. Hirano, Y. Yamamoto, V.A.J.M. Sleiffer, T. Sasaki, Analytical OSNR formulation validated with 100G-WDM experiments and optimal subsea fiber proposal, in OFC/NFOEC2013, OTu2B.6 (2013)
Y. Yamamoto, M. Hirano, V.A.J.M. Sleiffer, T. Sasaki, Analytical OSNR formulation and proposal of optimal fiber for submarine systems. IEICE Techn. Rep. (in Japanese) 113(156), 23–28 (2013)
P. Poggiolini, The GN model of non-linear propagation in uncompensated coherent optical systems. J. Lightwave Technol. 30(24), 3857–3879 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2012.2217729
M. Hirano, Y. Yamamoto, T. Yoshiaki, T. Haruna, T. Sasaki, Aeff-enlarged pure-silica-core fiber having ring core profile, in OFC/NFOEC2012, OTh4I.2 (2012)
D. Marcuse, Loss analysis of single-mode fiber splices. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 56(5), 703–718 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1977.tb00534.x
V.A.J.M. Sleiffer, D.V. den Borne, M. Kuschnerov, V. Veljanovski, M. Hirano, Y. Yamamoto, T. Sasaki, S. Jansen, H.D. Waardt, A comparison between SSMF and large-Aeff Pure-Silica core fiber for ultra long-haul 100G transmission. Opt. Express 19(26), B710–B715 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.00B710
S. Ohnuki, K. Kuwahara, K. Morita, Y. Koyano, Further attenuation improvement of a pure silica core fiber with large effective area, in SubOptic2010, THU3A03 (2010)
S. Bickham, Ultimate limits of effective area and attenuation for high data rate fibers. in OFC/NFOEC2011, OWA5 (2011)
K. Nagayama, M. Kakui, M. Matsui, T. Saitoh, Y. Chigusa, Ultra-low-loss (0.1484dB/km) pure silica core fiber and extension of transmission distance. Electon. Lett. 38(20), 1168–1169 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20020824
Y. Koyano, S. Ohnuki, T. Kawano, M. Hirano, T. Haruna, Y. Yamamoto, Further improvement of linearity-enhanced optical fiber with low attenuation and large effective core area, in SubOptic2013, EC11, Paris, France (2013)
J.F. Libert, J.L. Lang, J. Chesnoy, The new 160 Gigabit WDM challenge for submarine cable systems, in IWCS1998, 375–384 (1998)
J.M. Fini, B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M.F. Yan, Statistics of crosstalk in bent multicore fibers. Opt. Express 18(14), 15122–15129 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.015122
T. Hayashi, T. Nagashima, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Crosstalk variation of multi-core fibre due to fibre bend, in European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC), We.8.F.6. (2010)
M. Koshiba, K. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Multi-core fiber design and analysis: coupled-mode theory and coupled-power theory. Opt. Express 19(26), B102–B111 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.00B102
K. Petermann, Microbending loss in monomode fibers. Electron. Lett. 12(4), 107–109 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19760084
M. Koshiba, K. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Analytical expression of average power-coupling coefficients for estimating intercore crosstalk in multicore fibers. IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1987–1995 (2012).https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2012.2221085
T. Hayashi, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Physical interpretation of intercore crosstalk in multicore fiber: effects of macrobend, structure fluctuation, and microbend. Opt. Express 21(5), 5401–5412 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.005401
S. Matsuo, K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, Y. Sasaki, S. Tanigawa, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Crosstalk behavior of cores in multi-core fiber under bent condition. IEICE Electron. Express 8(6), 385–390 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.8.385
T. Hayashi, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Multi-core fibers and their crosstalk characteristics, in IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series, Seattle, TuC4.1 (2012)
K. Takenaga, S. Tanigawa, N. Guan, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Reduction of crosstalk by quasi-homogeneous solid multi-core fiber, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2010, OWK7 (2010)
K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, S. Tanigawa, N. Guan, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, An investigation on crosstalk in multi-core fibers by introducing random fluctuation along longitudinal direction. IEICE Trans. Commun. E94.B(2), 409–416 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.E94.B.409
K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, S. Tanigawa, N. Guan, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Reduction of crosstalk by trench-assisted multi-core fiber, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2011, OWJ4 (2011)
T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber. Opt. Express 19(17), 16576–16592 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.016576
K. Saitoh, T. Matsui, T. Sakamoto, M. Koshiba, S. Tomita, Multi-core hole-assisted fibers for high core density space division multiplexing, in Optoelectronics and Communications Conference (OECC) 2010, Sapporo, Japan, 7C2-1 (2010)
C. Xia, R. Amezcua-Correa, N. Bai, E. Antonio-Lopez, D. May-Arriojo, A. Schulzgen, M. Richardson, J. Liñares, C. Montero, E. Mateo, X. Zhou, G. Li, Hole-assisted few-mode multicore fiber for high-density space-division multiplexing. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 24(21), 1914–1917 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2012.2218801
A. Ziolowicz, M. Szymanski, L. Szostkiewicz, T. Tenderenda, M. Napierala, M. Murawski, Z. Holdynski, L. Ostrowski, P. Mergo, K. Poturaj, M. Makara, M. Slowikowski, K. Pawlik, T. Stanczyk, K. Stepien, K. Wysokinski, M. Broczkowska, T. Nasilowski, Hole-assisted multicore optical fiber for next generation telecom transmission systems. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(8), 081106 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4894178
K. Imamura, K. Mukasa, R. Sugizaki, Y. Mimura, T. Yagi, Multi-core holey fibers for ultra large capacity wide-band transmission, in European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) 2008, P.1.17 (2008)
D.M. Taylor, C.R. Bennett, T.J. Shepherd, L.F. Michaille, M.D. Nielsen, H.R. Simonsen, Demonstration of multi-core photonic crystal fibre in an optical interconnect. Electron. Lett. 42(6), 331–332 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20064382
M. Koshiba, K. Saitoh, Y. Kokubun, Heterogeneous multi-core fibers: proposal and design principle. IEICE Electron. Express 6(2), 98–103 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.6.98
G. Le Noane, D. Boscher, P. Grosso, J.C. Bizeul, C. Botton, Ultra high density cables using a new concept of bunched multicore monomode fibers: a key for the future FTTH networks, in International Wire and Cable Symposium (IWCS) (1994), pp. 203–210
T. Hayashi, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Behavior of inter-core crosstalk as a noise and its effect on Q-factor in multi-core fiber. IEICE Trans. Commun. E97.B(5), 936–944 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1587/transcom.E97.B.936
T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Characterization of crosstalk in ultra-low-crosstalk multi-core fiber. J. Light. Technol. 30(4), 583–589 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2011.2177810
T. Hayashi, Multi-core optical fibers, in Optical Fiber Telecommunications, 6th edn., vol. A, ed. by I. P. Kaminow, T. Li, A.E. Willner (Elsevier, 2013), pp. 321–352
K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Crosstalk and core density in uncoupled multi-core fibers. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(21), 1898–1901 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2012.2217489
S.O. Arik, J.M. Kahn, K.-P. Ho, MIMO signal processing for mode-division multiplexing. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 31(2), 25–34 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.2290804
K.-P. Ho, J.M. Kahn, Statistics of group delays in multimode fiber with strong mode coupling. J. Lightw. Technol. 29(21), 3119–3128 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2011.2165316
R. Ryf, R.-J. Essiambre, A.H. Gnauck, S. Randel, M.A. Mestre, C. Schmidt, P.J. Winzer, R. Delbue, P. Pupalaikis, A. Sureka, T. Hayashi, T. Taru, T. Sasaki, Space-division multiplexed transmission over 4200-km 3-core microstructured fiber, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, PDP5C.2 (2012)
R. Ryf, N.K. Fontaine, B. Guan, R.-J. Essiambre, S. Randel, A.H. Gnauck, S. Chandrasekhar, A. Adamiecki, G. Raybon, B. Ercan, R.P. Scott, S.J. Ben Yoo, T. Hayashi, T. Nagashima, T. Sasaki, 1705-km transmission over coupled-core fibre supporting 6 spatial modes, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, Cannes, France, PD.3.2 (2014)
C. Xia, N. Bai, I. Ozdur, X. Zhou, G. Li, Supermodes for optical transmission. Opt. Express 19(17), 16653–16664 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.016653
K. Saitoh, S. Matsuo, Multicore fiber technology. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 1, 55–66 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2015.2466444
T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Ultra-low-crosstalk multi-core fiber feasible to ultra-long-haul transmission, In The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, PDPC2 (2011)
K. Imamura, K. Mukasa, R. Sugizaki, Trench assisted multi-core fiber with large Aeff over 100 μm2 and low attenuation loss, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, Geneva, Switzerland, Mo.1.LeCervin.1 (2011)
B. Yao, K. Ohsono, N. Shiina, K. Fukuzato, A. Hongo, E. H. Sekiya, K. Saito, Reduction of crosstalk by hole-walled multi-core fibers, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, OM2D.5 (2012)
T. Sakamoto, K. Saitoh, N. Hanzawa, K. Tsujikawa, L. Ma, M. Koshiba, F. Yamamoto, Crosstalk suppressed hole-assisted 6-core fiber with cladding diameter of 125 μm, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, London, U.K., Mo.3.A.3 (2013)
F. Ye, J. Tu, K. Saitoh, T. Morioka, A simple analytical expression for crosstalk estimation in homogeneous trench-assisted multi-core fibers. Opt. Express 22(19), 23007–23018 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.023007
Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Investigation of crosstalk dependencies on bending radius of heterogeneous multicore fiber, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA, OTh3K.3 (2013)
Y. Amma, Y. Sasaki, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, J. Tu, K. Saitoh M. Koshiba, T. Morioka, Y. Miyamoto, High-density multicore fiber with heterogeneous core arrangement, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Th4C.4 (2015)
Y. Sasaki, K. Takenaga, K. Aikawa, Y. Miyamoto, T. Morioka, Single-mode 37-core fiber with a cladding diameter of 248 μm, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Th1H2 (2017)
H. Ono, Y. Abe, K. Shikama, T. Takahashi, M. Yamada, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Amplification method for crosstalk reduction in multi-core fibre amplifier. Electron. Lett. 49(2), 138–140 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2012.4307
A. Sano, H. Takara, T. Kobayashi, Y. Miyamoto, Crosstalk-managed high capacity long haul multicore fiber transmission with propagation-direction interleaving. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 30(16), 2771–2779 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2014.2320826
M.O. Van Deventer, Polarization properties of Rayleigh backscattering in single-mode fibers. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 11(12), 1895–1899 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.257947
P.J. Winzer, A.H. Gnauck, A. Konczykowska, F. Jorge, J.-Y. Dupuy, Penalties from in-band crosstalk for advanced optical modulation formats, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, Geneva, Switzerland, Tu.5.B.7 (2011)
S. Matsuo, K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, Y. Sasaki, S. Tanigawa, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Large-effective-area ten-core fiber with cladding diameter of about 200 μm. Opt. Lett. 36(23), 4626–4628 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.36.004626
K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, Y. Sasaki, S. Tanigawa, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, A large effective area multi-core fiber with an optimized cladding thickness. Opt. Express 19(26), B542–B550 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.00B543
B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, X. Liu, S. Chandraskekhar, M.F. Yan, J.M. Fini, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, 112-Tb/s space-division multiplexed DWDM transmission with 14-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency over a 76.8-km seven-core fiber. Opt. Express 19(17), 16665–16671 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.016665
H. Takara, H. Ono, Y. Abe, H. Masuda, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, H. Kubota, K. Shibahara, T. Kobayashi, Y. Miyamoto, 1000-km 7-core fiber transmission of 10x 96-Gb/s PDM-16QAM using Raman amplification with 6.5W per fiber. Opt. Exp. 20(9), 10100–10105 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.010100
S. Matsuo, Y. Sasaki, T. Akamatsu, I. Ishida, K. Takenaga, K. Okuyama, K. Saitoh, M. Kosihba, 12-core fiber with one ring structure for extremely large capacity Transmission. Opt. Express 20(27), 28398–28408 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.028398
H. Takahashi, T. Tsuritani, E.L.T. de Gabory, T. Ito, W.R. Peng, K. Igarashi, K. Takeshima, Y. Kawaguchi, I. Morita, Y. Tsuchida, Y. Mimura, K. Maeda, T. Saito, K. Watanabe, K. Imamura, R. Sugizaki, M. Suzuki, First demonstration of MC-EDFA-repeatered SDM transmission of 40 x 128-Gbit/s PDM-QPSK signals per core over 6,160-km 7-core MCF, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, paper Th.3.C.3 (Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2012)
J. Sakaguchi, B.J. Puttnam, W. Klaus, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, A. Kanno, T. Kawanishi, K. Imamura, H. Inaba, K. Mukasa, R. Sugizaki, T. Kobayashi, M. Watanabe, 305-Tb/s space division multiplexed transmission using homogeneous 19-core fiber. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 31(4), 554–562 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2012.2217373
A. Sano, H. Takara, T. Kobayashi, H. Kawakami, H. Kisikawa, T. Nakagawa, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Abe, H. Ono, K. Shikama, M. Nagatani, T. Moro, Y. Sasaki, I. Ishida, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, M. Yamada, H. Masuda, T. Morioka, 409-Tb/s + 409-Tb/s crosstalk suppressed bidirectional MCF transmission over 450 km using propagation-direction interleaving. Opt. Express 21(14), 16777–16783 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.016777
J. Sakaguchi, W. Klaus, B.J. Puttnam, J.M.D. Mendinueta, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, Y. Tsuchida, K. Maeda, M. Tadakuma, K. Imamura, R. Sugizaki, T. Kobayashi, Y. Tottori, M. Watanabe, R.V. Jensen, 19-core MCF transmission system using EDFA with shared core pumping coupled via free-space optics. Opt. Express 22(1), 90–95 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.000090
T. Hayashi, T. Nakanishi, K. Hirashima, O. Shimakawa, F. Sato, K. Koyama, A. Furuya, Y. Murakami, and T. Sasaki, 125-μm-cladding 8-core multi-core fiber realizing ultra-high-density cable suitable for O-band short-reach optical interconnects, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Th5C.6 (2015)
Y. Sasaki, R. Fukumoto, K. Takenaga, K. Aikawa, K. Saitoh, T. Morioka, Y. Miyamoto, Crosstalk-managed heterogeneous single-mode 32-core fibre, in The European Conference on Optical Communication , W.2.B.2 (2016)
B. Zhu, J.M. Fini, M.F. Yan, X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, E.M. Monberg, F.V. Dimarcello, High-capacity space-division-multiplexed DWDM transmissions using multicore fiber. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 30(4), 486–492 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2011.2173793
J. Sakaguchi, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, Fundamental study on new characterization method for crosstalk property on multi-core fibers using long wavelength probe signals, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA, OW1K.1 (2013)
T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Uncoupled multi-core fiber enhancing signal-to-noise ratio. Opt. Express 20(26), B94–B103 (2012)
A. Carena, V. Curri, G. Bosco, R. Cigliutti, E. Torrengo, P. Poggiolini, A. Nespola, D. Zeolla, F. Forghieri, Novel figure of merit to compare fibers in coherent detection systems with uncompensated links. Opt. Express 20(1), 339–346 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.000339
T. Hayashi, T. Sasaki, Design strategy of uncoupled multicore fiber enabling high spatial capacity transmission, in IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Meeting Series, Waikoloa, HI, MC2.4 (2013)
R.L. Graham, B.D. Lubachevsky, K.J. Nurmela, P.R. J. Österg\aard, Dense packings of congruent circles in a circle. Discrete Math. 181(1), 139–154 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-365X(97)00050-2
E. Specht, Circles in a circle. www.packomania.com, 21-May-2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.packomania.com/. [Accessed: 20-Apr-2013]
J.H. Chang, H.G. Choi, Y.C. Chung, Achievable capacity improvement by using multi-level modulation format in trench-assisted multi-core fiber system. Opt. Express 21(12), 14262–14271 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.014262
Y. Kokubun, T. Watanabe, Dense heterogeneous uncoupled multi-core fiber using 9 types of cores with double cladding structure, in Microopics Conference (MOC), 17th, Sendai, Japan, K-5 (2011)
F. Ye, C. Peucheret, T. Morioka, Capacity of space-division multiplexing with heterogeneous multi-core fibers, in OptoElectronics and Communication Conference/Photonics in Switching (OECC/PS), Kyoto, WR2-3 (2013)
T. Watanabe, Y. Kokubun, High density and low cross talk design of heterogeneous multi-core fiber with air hole assisted double cladding, in OptoElectronics and Communication Conference/Photonics in Switching (OECC/PS), Kyoto, MS1-4 (2013)
J. Sakaguchi, B. Puttnam, W. Klaus, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, A. Kanno, T. Kawanashi, K. Imamura, H. Inaba, K. Musaka, R. Sugizaki, T. Kobayashi, M. Watanabe, 19-core transmission of 19x100x172-Gb/s SDM-WDM-PDM-QPSK signals at 305Tb/s, in OFC/NFOEC2012, Los Angeles, PDP5C.1 (2012)
H. Takara, A. Sano, T. Kobayashi, H. Kubota, H. Kawakami, A. Matsuura, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Abe, H. Ono, K. Shikama, Y. Goto, K. Tsujikawa, Y. Sakaki, I. Ishida, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, T. Morioka, 1.01-Pb/s (12SDM/222 WDM/456Gb/s) crosstalk-managed transmission with 91.4-b/s/Hz aggregated spectral efficiency, in ECOC2012, Amsterdam, Th.3.C.1 (2012)
D. Qian, E. Ip, M.F. Huang, M. Li, A. Dogariu, S. Zhang, Y. Shao, Y.K. Huang, Y. Zhang, X. Cheng, Y. Tian, P. Ji, A. Collier, Y. Geng, J. Linares, C. Montero, V. Moreno, X. Prieto, T. Wang, 1.05Pb/s transmission with 109b/s/Hz spectral efficiency using hybrid single- and few-mode cores, in FiO2012, FW6C (2012)
T. Watanabe, Y. Kokubun, Ultra-large number of transmission channels in space division multiplexing using few-mode multi-core fiber with optimized air-hole-assisted double-cladding structure. Opt. Express 22(7), 8309–8319 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.008309
K. Tomozawa, Y. Kokubun, Maximum core capacity of heterogeneous uncoupled multi-core fibers, in OECC2011, Sapporo, 7C2-4 (2011)
Y. Mitsunaga, Y. Katsuyama, H. Kobayashi, Y. Ishida, Failure prediction for long length optical fiber based on proof testing. J. Appl. Phys. 53(7), 4847–4853 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.331316
IEC Technical Report IEC 62048, Optical fibres—Reliability—Power law theory (2002)
M. Tachikura, Y. Kurosawa, Y. Namekawa, Improved theoretical estimation of mechanical reliability of optical fibers. Proc. SPIE 5623, 622–629 (2005)
J. Yamamoto, T. Yajima, Y. Kinoshita, F. Ishii, M. Yoshida, T. Hirooka, M. Nakazawa, Fabrication of multi core fiber by using slurry casting method, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Th1H.5 (2016)
S. Nozoe, R. Fukumoto, T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, K. Tsujikawa, S. Aozasa, K. Aikawa, K. Nakajima, Low crosstalk 125 μm-cladding multi-core fiber with limited air-holes fabricated with over-cladding bundled rods technique, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Th1H.6 (2017)
S. Nozoe, T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, Y. Abe, K. Tsujikawa, S. Aozasa, K. Aikawa, K. Nakajima, 125 μm-cladding 2LP-mode and 4-core multi-core fibre with air-hole structure for low crosstalk in C+L Band, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, W.1.B.3 (2017)
T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, T. Sasaki, E. Sasaoka, Lowcrosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber utilizing fiber bend, in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OWJ3 (2011)
M. Ohashi, Y. Miyoshi, H. Kubota, R. Maruyama, N. Kuwaki, Longitudinal fiber parameter measurements of multi-core fiber using OTDR. Opt. Express 22(24), 30137–30147 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.030137
M. Ohashi, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Y. Miyoshi, Simple technique for measuring cut-off wavelength of multi-core fiber (MCF) and Its definition, in ACP2012, AF3A4 (2012)
ITU-T Recommendation G. 650.1 (2004)
K. Kitayama, M. Ohashi, Y. Ishida, Length dependence of effective cutoff wavelength in single-mode fibers. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. LT-2(5), 629–634 (1983)
M. Ohashi, K. Kitayama, T. Kobayashi, Y. Ishida, LP11 mode loss measurements in the two-mode-propagation region of optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 9(7), 303–305 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.9.000303
M. Ohashi, N. Shibata, K. Sato, Evaluation of length dependence of cutoff wavelength in a cabled fiber. Opt. Lett. 13(12), 1123–1125 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.13.001123
M.S. O’Sullivan, J. Ferner, Interpretation of SM fiber OTDR signatures, in Proceedings of SPIE’86, vol. 661, pp. 171–176 (1986)
A. Rossaro, M. Schiano, T. Tambosso, D. D’Alessandro, Spatially resolved chromatic dispersion measurement by a bidirectional OTDR technique. IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron 7(3), 475–483 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/2944.962271
M. Ohashi, Novel technique for measuring relative-index difference of fiber links. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18(24), 2584–2586 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2006.887335
K. Tsujikawa, M. Ohashi, K. Shiraki, M. Tateda, Effect of thermal treatment on Rayleigh scattering in silica-based glasses. Electron. Lett. 31, 1940–1941 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19951331
C. Pask, Physical interpretation of Petermann’s strange spot size for single-mode fibres. Electron. Lett. 20(3), 144–145 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19840097
N. Shibata, M. Kawachi, T. Edahiro, Optical loss characteristics of high-GeO2 content silica fibers. IEICE Trans. E63(12), 837–841 (1980)
K. Nakajima, M. Ohashi, M. Tateda, Chromatic dispersion distribution measurement along a single-mode optical fiber. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 15(7), 1095–1101 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.596954
H. R. Stuart, Dispersive multiplexing in multimode optical fiber. Science 289(5477), 281–283 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.281
A.R. Shah, R.C.J. Hsu, A. Tarighat, A.H. Sayed, B. Jalali, Coherent optical MIMO (COMIMO). IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 23(8), 2410–2419 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2005.850787
M. Kasahara, K. Saitoh, T. Sakamoto, N. Hanzawa, T. Matsui, K. Tsujikawa, F. Yamamoto, M. Koshiba, Design of few-mode fibers for mode-division multiplexing transmission. IEEE Photon. J. 5(6), 7201207–7201207 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2013.2292365
T. Sakamoto, T. Mori, T. Yamamoto, N. Hanzawa, S. Tomita, F. Yamamoto, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Mode-division multiplexing transmission system with DMD-independent low complexity MIMO processing. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 31(13), 2192–2199 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2013.2263495
T. Mori, T. Sakamoto, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, Experimental evaluation of modal crosstalk in two-mode fibre and its impact on optical MIMO transmission, in ECOC2014, Th.1.4.4 (2014)
R. Maruyama, N. Kuwaki, S. Matsuo, M. Ohashi, Experimental investigation of relation between mode-coupling and fiber characteristics in few-mode fibers, in OFC2015, M2C.1 (2015)
Y. Kokubun, T. Watanabe, S. Miura, R. Kawata, What is a mode in few mode fibers? Proposal of MIMO-free mode division multiplexing using true eigenmodes. IEICE Electron. Express 13(18), 20160394 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.13.20160394
S. Chen, J. Wang, PANDA-type elliptical-core multi-mode fiber with fully lifted eigenmodes for low-crosstalk direct fiber vector eigenmode space-division multiplexing, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, W4K.4 (2018)
S. Chen, J. Wang, Design of PANDA-type elliptical-core multimode fiber supporting 24 fully lifted eigenmodes. Opt. Lett. 43(15), 3718–3721 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.43.003718
T. Sakamoto, T. Mori, T. Yamamoto, S. Tomita, Differential mode delay managed transmission line for WDM-MIMO system using multi-step index fiber. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 30(17), 2783–2787 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2012.2208095
L.G-Nielsen, Y. Sun, J.W. Nicholson, D. Jakobsen, R. Lingle, Jr., B. Pálsdóttir, Few mode transmission fiber with low dgd, low mode coupling, and low loss, in OFC2012, PDP5A.1 (2012)
T. Mori, T. Sakamoto, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, Six-LP-mode transmission fiber with DMD of less than 70Â ps/km over C+L band, in OFC2014, paper M3F.3 (2014)
P. Sillard, D. Molin, M. BigotAstruc, K. de Jongh, F. Achten, Low-differential-mode-group-delay 9-LP-mode fiber, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, paper M2C.2 (2015)
F. Feng, G.S.D. Gordon, X.Q. Jin, D.C. O’Brien, F.P. Payne, Y. Jung, Q. Kang, J.K. Sahu, S.U. Alam, D.J. Richardson, T.D. Wilkinson, Experimental characterization of a graded-index ring-core fiber supporting 7 LP mode groups, in OFC2015, p. Tu2D.3 (2015)
R. Ryf, N.K. Fontaine, M. Montoliu, S. Randel, S.H. Chang, H. Chen, S. Chandrasekhar, A.H. Gnauck, R.-J. Essiambre, P.J. Winzer, T. Taru, T. Hayashi, T. Sasaki, Space-division multiplexed transmission over 3×3 Coupled-Core Multicore Fiber, in OFC2014, paperTu2J.4 (2014)
T. Hayashi, Y. Tamura, T. Hasegawa, T. Taru, 125-µm-cladding coupled multi-core fiber with ultra-low loss of 0.158 dB/km and record-low spatial mode dispersion of 6.1 ps/km1/2, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Th5A.1 (2016)
T. Hayashi, Y. Tamura, T. Hasegawa, T. Taru, Record-low spatial mode dispersion and ultra-low loss coupled multi-core fiber for ultra-long-haul transmission. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 35(3,) 450–457 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2016.2614000
T. Sakamoto, S. Aozasa, T. Mori, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, S. Nozoe, Y. Sagae, K. Tsujikawa, K. Nakajima, Randomly-coupled single-mode 12-core fiber with highest core density, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference Th1H.1 (2017)
T. Sakamoto, S. Aozasa, T. Mori, M. Wada, T.Yamamoto, S. Nozoe, Y. Sagae, K. Tsujikawa, K. Nakajima, Twisting-rate-controlled 125 μm cladding randomly coupled single-mode 12-core fiber. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 36(2), 325–330 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2017.2743205
N.K. Fontaine, R. Ryf, M. Hirano, T. Sasaki, Experimental investigation of crosstalk accumulation in a ring-core fiber, in IEEE summer topical meeting, TuC4.2 (2013)
T. Mori, T. Sakamoto, M. Wada. T. Yamamoto, L. Ma, N. Hanzawa, K. Tsujikawa, S. Tomita, Few-mode photonic crystal fibre for wideband mode division multiplexing transmission, in ECOC2012, Tu.1.F.4 (2012)
M.N. Petrovich, F. Poletti, J.P. Wooler, A.M. Heidt, N.K. Baddela, Z. Li, D.R. Gray, R. SlavÃk, F. Parmigiani, N.V. Wheeler, J.R. Hayes, E. Numkam, L. Grűner-Nielsen, B. Pálsdóttir, R. Phelan, B. Kelly, M. Becker, N. MacSuibhne, J. Zhao, F.C. Garcia Gunning, A.D. Ellis, P. Petropoulos, S.U. Alam, D.J. Richardson, First demonstration of 2 mm data transmission in a low-loss hollow core photonic bandgap fiber, in ECOC2012, Th.3.A.5 (2012)
Y. Jung, V.A.J.M. Sleiffer, N.K. Baddela, M.N. Petrovich, J.R. Hayes, N.V. Wheeler, D.R. Gray, E. Numkam Fokoua, J.P. Wooler, N.H.-L. Wong, F. Parmigiani, S.U. Alam, J. Surof, M. Kuschnerov, V. Veljanovski, H.de Waardt, F. Poletti, D.J. Richardson, First demonstration of a broadband 37-cell hollow core photonic bandgap fiber and its application to high capacity mode division multiplexing, in OFC2013, PDP5A.3 (2013)
R.E. Freund, C.-A. Bunge, N.N. Ledentsov, D. Molin, and C. Caspar, High-speed transmission in multimode fibers. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 28(4), 569–586 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2009.2030897
T. Mori, T. Sakamoto, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, Few-mode fibers supporting more than two LP modes for mode-division-multiplexed transmission with MIMO DSP. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 32, 2468–2479 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2014.2327619
K. Sato, R. Maruyama, N. Kuwaki, S. Matsuo, M. Ohashi, Optimized graded index two-mode optical fiber with low DMD, large Aeff and low bending loss. Opt. Express, 21(14), 16231–16238 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.016231
T. Mori, T. Sakamoto, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, Low DMD four LP mode transmission fiber for wide-band WDM-MIMO system, in The Optical Fiber Communications, Anaheim, CA, 2013, OTh3K.1.R (2013)
P. Sillard, D. Molin, A review of few-mode fibers for space-division multiplexed transmissions, in The 39th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication, London, U.K., Mo.3.A.1 (2013)
F.M. Ferreira, D. Fonseca, H.J.A. da Silva, Design of few-mode fiberswith M-modes and lowdifferential mode delay. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 32(3), 353–360 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2013.2293066
P. Sillard, D. Molin, M. Bigot-Astruc, H. Maerten, D. Van Ras, F. Achten, Low-DMGD 6-LP-mode fiber, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Francisco, CA, p. M3F.2 (2014)
D. Marcuse, Pulse propagation in a two-mode waveguide. J. Bell Syst. Tech. 51, 1785–1791 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1972.tb02683.x
S. Kawakami, M. Ikeda, Transmission characteristics of a two-mode optical waveguide. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-14(8), 608–614 (1978)
R. Maruyama, N. Kuwaki, S. Matsuo, K. Sato, M. Ohashi, Experimental evaluation of mode conversion ration at splice point for two-mode fibers and its simulated effect on MIMO transmission, in OFC 2014, M3F.6 (2014)
M. Nakazawa, M. Yoshida, T. Hirooka, Nondestructive measurement of mode couplings along a multi-core fiber using a synchronous multi-channel OTDR. Opt. Express 20(11), 12530–12540 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.012530
M. Nakazawa, M. Yoshida, T. Hirooka, Measurement of mode coupling distribution along a few-mode fiber using a synchronous multi-channel OTDR. Opt. Express 22(25), 31299–31309 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.031299
M. Nakazawa, M. Tokuda, Y. Negishi, Measurement of polarization mode coupling along a polarization-maintaining optical fiber using a backscattering technique. Opt. Lett. 8(10), 546–548 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.8.000546
M. Nakazawa, N. Shibata, M. Tokuda, Y. Negishi, Measurements of polarization mode couplings along polarization-maintaining single-mode optical fibers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1(3), 285–292 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1364/JtheopticalsoA.1.000285
K. Jespersen, Z.L.L. Grüner-Nielsen, B. Pálsdóttir, F. Poletti, J.W. Nicholson, Measuring distributed mode scattering in long, few-moded fibers, in OFC2012, p. OTh3I.4 (2012)
N.K. Fontaine, R. Ryf, M.A. Mestre, B. Guan, X. Palou, S. Randel, Y. Sun, L.G-Nielsen, R.V. Jensen, R. Lingle, Jr., Characterization of space-division multiplexing systems using a swept-wavelength interferometer, in OFC2013, OW1K.2 (2013)
R. Ryf, S. Randel, A.H. Gnauck, C. Bolle, A. Sierra, S. Mumtaz, M. Esmaeelpour, E.C. Burrows, R.-J Essiambre, P.J. Winzer, D.W. Peckham, A.H. McCurdy, R. Lingle, Mode-division multiplexing over 96 km of few-mode fiber using coherent 6x6 MIMO processing. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 30(24), 521–531 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2011.2174336
R. Kawata, T. Watanabe, Y. Kokubun, Full-set high-speed mode analysis in few-mode fibers by polarization-split segmented coherent detection method: Proposal and simulation of calculation error. IEICE Electron. Express 15(1), 20171132 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1587/elex.14.20171132
Y. Sasaki, K. Takenaga, N. Guan, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Large-effective-area uncoupled few-mode multi-core fiber. Opt. Express 20(26), B77-84 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.000B77
K. Mukasa, K. Imamura, R. Sugizaki, 7-core 2-mode fibers with large Aeff to simultaneously realize 3M, in The OptoElectronics and Communications Conference, Busan, Korea, 5C1-1 (2012)
K. Mukasa, K Imamura, R. Sugizaki, Multi-core few-mode optical fibers with large Aeff, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, P1.08 (Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2012)
T. Sakamoto, T. Mori, T. Yamamoto, M. Wada, F. Yamamoto, Moderately coupled 125-μm cladding 2 LP-mode 6-core fiber for realizing low MIMO-DSP and high spatial density, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, Cannes, France, Tu4.1.3 (2014)
T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, K. Saitoh, S. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Y. Tobita, N. Hanzawa, K. Nakajima, F. Yamamoto, Few-mode multi-core fibre with highest core multiplicity factor. in The European Conference on Optical Communication, Valencia, Spain, We.1.4.3 (2015)
K. Shibahara, T. Mizuno, H. Takara, A. Sano, H. Kawakami, D. Lee, Y. Miyamoto, H. Ono, M. Oguma, Y. Abe, T. Kobayashi, T. Matsui, R. Fukumoto, Y. Amma, T. Hosokawa, S. Matsuo, K. Saito, H. Nasu, T. Morioka, Dense SDM (12-core × 3-mode) transmission over 527 km with 33.2-ns mode-dispersion employing low-complexity parallel MIMO frequency-domain equalization, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Th5C.3 (2015)
T. Mizuno, T. Kobayashi, H. Takara, A. Sano, H. Kawakami, T. Nakagawa, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Abe, T. Goh, M. Oguma, T. Sakamoto, Y. Sasaki, I. Ishida, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, and T. Morioka, 12-core × 3-mode dense space division multiplexed transmission over 40 km employing multi-carrier signals with parallel MIMO equalization, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, Th5B.2 (2014)
S. Matsuo, K. Takenaga, K. Saitoh, K. Nakajima, Y. Miyamoto, T. Morioka, High-spatial-multiplicity multi-core fibres for future dense space-division-multiplexing system, in The European Conference on Optical Communication, Valencia, Spain., Th.1.2.1 (2015)
J. Sakaguchi, W. Klaus, J.-M. D. Mendinueta, B.J. Puttnam1, R.S. Luis, Y. Awaji1, N. Wada, T. Hayashi, T. Nakanishi, T. Watanabe, Y. Kokubun, T. Takahata, T. Kobayashi, Realizing a 36-core, 3-mode fiber with 108 spatial channels, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, CA, USA, p. Th5C.2 (2015)
K. Igarashi, D. Souma, Y. Wakayama, K. Takeshima, Y. Kawaguchi, T. Tsuritani, I. Morita, M. Suzuki, 114 space-division-multiplexed transmission over 9.8-km weakly-coupled-6-mode uncoupled-19-core fibers, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conf., Los Angeles, CA, USA, Th5C.4 (2015)
T. Sakamoto, T. Matsui, K. Saitoh, S. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, T. Mizuno, Y. Abe, K. Shibahara, Y. Tobita, S. Matsuo, K. Aikawa, S. Aozasa, K. Nakajima, Y. Miyamoto, Low-loss and low-DMD few-mode multi-core fiber with highest core multiplicity factor, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Th5A.2 (2016)
T. Sakamoto, K. Saitoh, S. Saitoh, Y. Abe, K. Takenaga, A. Urushibara, M. Wada, T. Matsui, K. Aikawa, K. Nakajima, 120 Spatial channel few-mode multi-core fibre with relative core multiplicity factor exceeding 100, in The European Conference on Optical Communication , We3E.3 (2018)
D. Soma, Y. Wakayama, S. Beppu, S. Sumita, T. Tsuritani, T. Hayashi, T. Nagashima, M. Suzuki, M. Yoshida, K. Kasai, M. Nakazawa, H. Takahashi, K. Igarashi, I. Morita, M. Suzuki, 10.16-Peta-B/s dense SDM/WDM transmission over 6-mode 19-core fiber across the C+L Band. J. Lightw. Technol. 36(6), 1362–1368 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2018.2799380
J. Tu, K. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Heterogeneous trench-assisted few-mode multi-core fiber with low differential mode delay. Opt. Express 22(4), 4329–4341 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.004329
J. Tu, K. Saitoh, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Heterogeneous trench-assisted few-mode multi-core fiber with graded-index profile and square-lattice layout for low differential mode delay. Opt. Express 23(14), 17783–17792 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.017783
Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Few-mode multicore fiber with 36 spatial modes (three modes (LP01 , LP 11a, LP11b) × 12 Cores). IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 33(5), 964–970 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2014.2375876
T. Sakamoto, T. Mori, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, Coupled multicore fiber design with low intercore differential mode delay for high-density space division multiplexing. IEEE J. Lightw. Technol. 33(6), 1175–1181(2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2014.2376526
T. Sakamoto, T. Mori, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, T. Matsui, K. Nakajima, F. Yamamoto, Experimental and numerical evaluation of inter-core differential mode delay characteristic of weakly-coupled multi-core fiber. Opt. Express 22(26), 31966–31976 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.031966
Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, Trench-assisted low-crosstalk few-mode multicore fiber, in ECOC2013, Mo.3.A.5 (2013)
K. Hogari, Y. Yamada, K. Toge, Novel optical fiber cables with ultrahigh density. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 26(17), 3104–3109 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2008.926931
K. Watanabe, T. Saito, K. Imamura, Y. Nakayama, and M. Shiino, Study of fusion splice for single-mode multicore fiber. in MOC 2011, Vol. 17, H-8 (2011)
K. Yoshida, A. Takahashi, T. Konuma, K. Yoshida, K. Sasaki, Fusion splicer for specialty optical fiber with advanced functions. Fujikura Techn. Rev. 41, 10–13 (2012)
M. Tanaka, M. Hachiwaka, Y. Fujimaki, H. Taniguchi, Butt joint of hexagonal cladding multi-core fiber (in Japanese). IEICE Technical Report (in Japanese), OFT2012-68, 77-82 (2013)
K. Hogari, Y. Yamada, K. Toge, Design and performance of ultra-high-density optical fiber cable with rollable optical fiber ribbons. OFT 16(4), 257–263 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2010.05.00
M. Yamanaka, K. Osato, K. Tomikawa, D. Takeda, Ultra-high density optical fiber cable with Spider Web Ribbon, in 61st International Wire & Cable Symposium (2012), pp. 37–41
S. Inao, T. Sato, H. Honda, M. Ogai, S. Sentsui, A. Otake, K. Yoshizaki, K. Ishihara, N. Uchida., High density multicore-fiber cable, in 28th International Wire & Cable Symposium (1979), pp. 370–384
I. Ishida, Y. Amma, K. Hirakawa, H. Uemura, Y. Sasaki, K. Takenaga, N. Itou, K. Osato, S. Matsuo, Multicore-fiber cable with core density of 6 cores/mm2, in OFC2014, W4D.3 (2014)
T. Kobayashi, H. Takara, A. Sano, T. Mizuno, H. Kawakami, Y. Miyamoto, K. HIraga, Y. Abe,. H. Ono. M.Wada, Y. Sasaki, I. Ishida, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, Y. Yamada, M. Masuda, T. Morioka, 2×344 Tb/s propagateio-direction interleaved transmission over 1500-km MCF enhanced by multicarrier full electric-fielda digital back-propagation, in ECOC2013, PD3.E.4 (2013)
K. Takenaga, Multicore Fiber with Dual-Ring Structure. in OECC/ACOFT 2014, MO1E-5 (2014)
K. Osato, Y. Hashimoto, N. Okada, New design of optical fiber cable for easy mid-span access, in 56th International Wire & Cable Symposium (2007), pp. 225–229
I. Ishida, S. Matsuo, Ultra-high core-density cable with multicore fiber. OECC/ACOF 2015, 875–877 (2014)
Y. Sasaki, Y. Amma, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, K. Saitoh, and M. Koshiba, Few-mode multicore fibre with 36 spatial modes (three modes (LP01, LP11a, LP11b) ×12 cores), in ECOC2014, Th.1.4.1 (2014)
T. Hayashi, T. Nagashima, T. Muramoto, F. Sato, T. Nakanishi, Spatial mode dispersion suppressed randomly-coupled multi-core fiber in straightened loose-tube cable, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Th4A.2 (2019)
T. Tsuritani, D. Soma, Y. Wakayama, Y. Miyagawa, M. Takahashi, I. Morita, K. Maeda, K. Kawasaki, T. Matsuura, M. Tsukamoto, R. Sugizaki, Field test of installed high-density optical fiber cable with multi-core fibers toward practical deployment, in The Optical Fiber Communication Conference, M3J.4 (2019)
K. Nakajima, T. Matsui, k. Saito, T. Sakamoto, N. Araki, Multi-core fiber technology: Next generation optical communication strategy. IEEE Commun. Std. Mag. 38–45
S. Jain, T.C. May-Smith, V.J.F. Rancano, P. Petropoulos, D.J. Richardson, J.K. Sahu, Multi-element fiber for space-division multiplexed transmission, in ECOC, Mo.4.A.2 (2013)
T. Matsui, T. Kobayashi, H. Kawahara, E.L.T. de Gabory, T. Nagashima, T. Nakanishi, S. Saitoh, Y. Amma, K. Maeda, S. Arai, R. Nagase, Y. Albe, S. Aozasa, Y. Wakayama, H. Takeshita, T. Tsuritani, H. Ono, T. Sakamoto, I. Morita, Y. Miyamoto, K. Nakajima,118.5Â Tbit/s transmission over 316 km-long multi-core fiber with standard cladding diameter, in OECC/PGC, PDP2 (2017)
R. Nagase, K. Sakaime, K. Watanabe, T. Saito, MU-type multi-core fiber connector. IWCS 61, 823–827 (2012)
K. Watanabe, T. Tsunetoshi, K. Suematsu, R. Nagase, M. Shiino, Development of small MT type 2-multicore fiber connector, in OFC2014, W4D.6 (2014)
K. Shikama, S. Asakawa, Y. Abe, T. Takahashi, Multiple multicore fiber connector with physical-contact connection. Electron. Lett. 51(10), 775–777 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2015.0624
Y. Geng, S. Li, M. J. Li, C.G. Sutton, R.L. MCCollum, R. L. McClure, A.V. Koklyushkin, K.I. Matthews, J.P. Luther, D. L. Butler, High-speed, bi-directional dual-core fiber transmission system for high-density, short-reach optical interconnects. Proc. SPIE 9390 (2015)
K. Saito, T. Matsui, K. Nakajima, T. Sakamoto, F. Yamamoto, T. Kurashima, Multi-core fiber based pluggable add/drop link using rotational connector, in OFC2015, M2B2 (2015)
ITU-T Recommendation G.652, Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable (2009)
ITU-T Recommendation G.657, Characteristics of a bending-loss insensitive single-mode optical fibre and cable for the access network (2012)
J.P. Moore, M.D. Rogge, Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and para-metric curve solutions. Opt. Express 20(3), 2967–2973 (2012)
Fiber optic shape sensing, Luna Innovations Inc., Rev. 3, (2013)
Q. Wang, G. Farrell, All-fiber multimode-interference-based refractometer sensor: proposal and design. Opt. Lett. 31(3), 317–319 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.31.000317
ITU-T Supplement G.Sup.40, Optical fibre and cable Recommendations and standards guideline. (2010)
http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/2013-2016/15/Pages/q5.aspx.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ohashi, M. et al. (2022). Optical Fibers for Space-Division Multiplexing. In: Nakazawa, M., Suzuki, M., Awaji, Y., Morioka, T. (eds) Space-Division Multiplexing in Optical Communication Systems. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 236. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87619-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87619-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87617-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-87619-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)