Abstract
Fish macrophages arise from haematopoietic progenitors in the head kidney and differentiate into tissue macrophage subtypes and/or self-maintaining resident populations. New insights into the ‘forms’ and functions of fish macrophages are provided by in vitro studies of macrophages purified by density gradients/adherence, as well as immortal macrophage-like cell lines and prolonged culture of primary macrophages. Polarisation states observed in mammalian macrophages, with associated changes in molecular and behavioural properties across a spectrum of two extremes, termed M1 and M2, also likely exist in fish macrophages. There is evidence that these different states are underpinned by immunometabolic changes. With the current advances in transcriptome sequencing, markers for macrophages and macrophage subtypes are slowly but definitively emerging in fish species. An ever-increasing toolbox of transgenic zebrafish lines allows for the elucidation of the multiple roles of macrophages in disease models, providing a more detailed insight into their in vivo function in fish.
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Abbreviations
- angptl4:
-
angiopoietin-like 4
- arg:
-
arginase
- BCG:
-
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- cAMP:
-
cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cfms:
-
csf-1 receptor
- CRISPR:
-
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- csf-1:
-
colony-stimulating factor-1 (see also M-CSF)
- cxcl11:
-
C-X-C motif chemokine 11
- dpf:
-
days post-fertilisation
- eGFP:
-
enhanced green fluorescence protein
- FACS:
-
fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- GAL4:
-
galactokinase 4 transcription factor (see also UAS for combined system)
- Hif1a:
-
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
- hpf:
-
hours post-fertilisation
- hsp70:
-
heat shock protein 70
- ifnγ:
-
interferon gamma, cytokine
- il-10:
-
interleukin-10
- il-1b:
-
interleukin-1 beta, cytokine
- il-4:
-
interleukin-4, cytokine
- il-6:
-
interleukin-6, cytokine
- inos:
-
inducible nitric oxide synthase
- irf8:
-
interferon regulatory factor 8, transcription factor
- irg1:
-
immune-responsive gene 1
- LPS:
-
lipopolysaccharide
- M1:
-
type 1 macrophage
- M2:
-
type 2 macrophage
- m-csf:
-
macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (see also CSF-1)
- mfap4:
-
microfibril-associated protein 4
- mm:
-
Mycobacterium marinum
- mpeg-1:
-
macrophage-expressed gene 1
- mrc1b:
-
mannose receptor 1b
- NO:
-
nitric oxide
- NOD:
-
nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain
- nos:
-
nitric oxide synthase
- rag:
-
recombination-activating gene
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- spi1b:
-
proto-oncogene b
- TALEN:
-
transcription activator-like effector nucleases
- TB:
-
tuberculosis
- TCA:
-
tricarboxylic acid cycle
- tg:
-
transgenic
- tgfb:
-
transforming growth factor beta
- tnfa:
-
tumour necrosis factor alpha
- UAS:
-
upstream-activating sequence (see also GAL4 for combined system)
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Acknowledgements
PME is funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (Grant Number 105570/Z/14/Z). GFW gratefully acknowledges the contributions of J. Petit, A.S. Wentzel and M. Forlenza.
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Wiegertjes, G.F., Elks, P.M. (2022). Fish Macrophages. In: Buchmann, K., Secombes, C.J. (eds) Principles of Fish Immunology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85420-1_6
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