Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current Challenges for the Effective Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Coronavirus Therapeutics – Volume II

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1353))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

COVID-19:

Coronavirus disease 2019

SARS-CoV:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus

MERS-CoV:

Middle East respiratory syndrome, coronavirus

UTR:

Untranslated region

ORF:

Open reading frame

NSP:

Non-structural protein

ACE-2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

qRT-PCR:

Real time RT-PCR

RT-LAMP:

Reverse transcriptase loop-mediated PCR

LFA:

Lateral flow assay

PRNT:

Plaque reduction neutralization test

LSPR:

Localized surface plasmon resonance

PPT:

Plasmonic photothermal

RDT:

Rapid diagnostic test

CT:

Computerized tomography

WHO:

World Health Organization

CDC:

Chinese Disease Center

References

  • Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, Jeong SJ, Kim JH, Ku NS, Yeom JS, Roh J, Ahn MY, Chin BS, Kim YS, Lee H, Yong D, Kim HO, Kim S, Choi JY (2020) Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 35(14):e149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aimes RT, Zijlstra A, Hooper JD, Ogbourne SM, Sit ML, Fuhs S, Antalis TM (2003) Endothelial cell serine proteases expressed during vascular morphogenesis and angiogenesis. J Thromb Haemost 89(3):561–572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA et al (2013) Epidemiological, demographical, and clinical characteristics of 47 case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 13:752–761

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bantia S, Arnold CS, Parker CD, Upshaw R, Chand P (2006) Anti-influenza virus activity of peramivir in mice with single intramuscular injection. Antivir Res 69(1):39–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron SA, Devaux C, Colson P, Raoult D, Rolain JM (2020) Teicoplanin an alternative drug for the treatment of coronavirus COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents 55(4):105944

    Google Scholar 

  • Boisen ML, Oottamasathien D, Jones AB, Millett MM, Nelson DS et al (2015) Development of prototype filovirus recombinant antigen immunoassays, viral hemorrhagic fever consortium. J Infect Dis 212(Suppl 2):S359–S367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Broughton JP, Deng X, Yu G et al (2020) CRISPR-Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Biotechnol 38(7):870–874

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruning AHL, Leeflang MMG, Vos JMBW et al (2017) Rapid tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 65(6):1026–1032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burnouf T, Seghatchian J (2014) Ebola virus convalescent blood products: where we are now and where we may need to go. Transfus Apher Sci 51(2):120–125

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cai XF, Chen J, Long QX, Deng HJ, Liu P, Wang DQ (2020) A peptide-based magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for serological diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Dis 222(2):189–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron CE, Oh HS, Moustafa IM (2010) Expanding knowledge of P3 proteins in the poliovirus lifecycle. Future Microbiol 5(6):867–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao B (2020) A trial of remdesivir in adults with severe covid 19. ClinicalTrials.gov 21(1):422

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr AC, Maggini S (2017) Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients 9(11):1211

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carter L, Garner L, Smoot J, Li Y, Zhou Q, Saveson C, Liu C (2020) Assay techniques and test development for COVID-19 diagnosis. ACS Central Sci 6:591–605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JF, Choi GK, Tsang AK, Tee KM, Lam HY, Yip CC (2015) Development and evaluation of novel real-time reverse transcription-PCR Assays with locked nucleic acid probes targeting leader sequences of human-pathogenic Coronaviruses. J Clin Microbiol 53:2722–2726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JF, Kok KH, Zhu Z, Chu H, To KK, Yuan S et al (2020a) Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg Microbes Infect 9(1):221–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JF, Yip CC, To KK, Tang TH, Wong SC, Leung KH (2020b) improved molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 by the novel, highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay validated in vitro and with clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 58(5):e00310–e00320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, Tsoi HW (2020c) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395(10223):514–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X Y, QiuLW,Pan Y X, Wen K, Hao W, Zhang LY, Wang YD, Liao ZY, Hua X,(2004), Sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of nucleocapsid antigen in sera from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Clin Microbiol, 42 (6):2629−2635

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Q, Li J, Deng Z, Xiong W, Wang Q, Hu YQ (2010) Comprehensive detection and identification of seven animal coronaviruses and human respiratory coronavirus 229E with a microarray hybridization assay. Intervirology 53(2):95–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Liu W, Zhang Q, Xu K, Ye G, Wu W et al (2020a) RNA based mNGS approach identifies a novel human coronavirus from two individual pneumonia cases in 2019 Wuhan outbreak. Emerg Microb Infect 9(1):313–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y (2020b) Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis 20(4):398–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L (2020c) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395(10223):507–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF et al (2004) Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 59(3):252–256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chu DKW, Pan Y, Cheng SMS, Hui KPY, Krishnan P, Liu Y (2020) Molecular diagnosis of a novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing an outbreak of pneumonia. Clin Chem 66(4):549–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X et al (2020) CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology 295(1):202–207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordes AK, Heim A (2020) Rapid random access detection of the novel SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV), using an open access protocol for the Panther Fusion. J Clin Virol 125:104305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DKW (2020) Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 25(3):2000045

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crotty S, Cameron CE, Andino R (2001) RNA virus error catastrophe: direct molecular test by using ribavirin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(12):6895–6900

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deluca, MD, McElroy WD (1981) Proceedings of the symposium on bioluminescence and chemiluminescence: basic chemistry and analytical applications

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, de Almeida Monteiro RA et al (2020) Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 18(6):1517–1519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Famous KR, Delucchi K, Ware LB, Kangelaris KN, Liu KD, Thompson BT, Calfee CS (2017) Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes respond differently to randomized fluid management strategy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195(3):331–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fehrenbach H (2001) Alveolar epithelial type II cell: defender of the alveolus revisited. Respir Res 2:33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T (2017) Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 93(7):449–463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X (2020a) Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. BioScience Trends 14(1):72–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Li T, Han M, Li X, Wu D, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Liu Y,. Wang X, Wang L (2020b) Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations for patients with the severe COVID-19. J Med Virol 92(7):791–796

    Google Scholar 

  • Graci JD, Cameron CE (2006) Mechanisms of action of ribavirin against distinct viruses. Rev Med Virol 16(1):37–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham RL, Donaldson EF, Baric RS (2013) A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 11(12):836–848

    Google Scholar 

  • Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, Diaz G, Asperges E, Castagna A et al (2020) Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 382(24):2327–2336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilder VHD, Vrana KE, Freeman WM (2008) Twenty-five years of quantitative PCR for gene expression analysis. BioTechniques 44(5):619–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, van Goor (2004) Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 203(2):631–637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden F (2009) Developing new antiviral agents for influenza treatment: what does the future hold. Clin Infect Dis 48:S3–S13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemida MG (2019) Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the one health concept. PeerJ 7:e7556

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heurich A, Winkler HH, Gierer S, Liepold T, Jahn O, Pöhlmann S (2014) TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 cleave ACE-2 differentially and only proteolysis by TMPRSS2 augments entry driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. J Virol 88:1293–1307

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Simon Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 181:271–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H et al (2020) First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 382(10):929–936

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F (2014) Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell 157(6):1262–1278

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Sun Y, Liu Y, Xiao H, Zhuang S (2012) Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral DNA. Arch Virol 157(8):1463–1469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang P, Liu T, Huang L, Liu H, Lei M, Xu W (2020) Use of chest CT in combination with negative RT-PCR assay for the 2019 novel Coronavirus but high clinical suspicion. Radiology 295(1):22–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hung IF, To KK, Lee CK, Lee KL, Chan K, Yan WW et al (2011) Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 52(4):447–456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isacsson AT, Wettermark G (1974) Anal Chim Acta 68:339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwai M, Horiuchi M (2009) Devil and angel in the renin–angiotensin system: ACE–angiotensin II–AT 1 receptor axis vs. ACE2–angiotensin-(1–7)–Mas receptor axis. Hypertens Res 32(7):533–536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata S, Shibata Y, Kawada J, Hara S, Nishiyama Y, Morishima T et al (2006) Rapid detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. J Clin Virol 37:128–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins MJ, Saavedra-Campos M, Baillie JK, Cleary P, Khaw FM, Lim WS et al (2015) The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 211(1):80–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G (2020) Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19. Viruses 12(4):372

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jones H (2020) The importance of diagnostic testing for COVID-19. Infect Dis Hub

    Google Scholar 

  • Juurlink DN (2020) Safety considerations with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CMAJ 192(17):E450–E453

    Google Scholar 

  • Kan B, Wang M, Jing H, Xu H, Jiang X, Yan M et al (2005) Molecular evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and on farms. J Virol 79:11892–11900

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khalili JS, Zhu H, Mak N, Yan Y, Zhu Y (2020) Novel coronavirus treatment with ribavirin: groundwork for an evaluation concerning COVID-19. J Med Virol 92(7):740–746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HS, Lee KE, Oh JH, Jung CS, Choi D, Kim Y, Noh H (2016a) Cardiac arrest caused by nafamostat mesilate. Kidney Res Clin Prac 35(3):187–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim UJ, Won EJ, Kee SJ et al (2016b) Combination therapy with lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-alpha for Middle East respiratory syndrome. Antivir Ther 21(5):455–459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim M, Lee JH, Nam JM (2019) Plasmonic photothermal nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Adv Sci 6:1900471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koczula KM, Gallotta A (2016) Lateral flow assays. Essays Biochem 60(1):111–120

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kohno S, Kida H, Mizuguchi M, Himada SJ (2010) Efficacy and safety of intravenous peramivir for the treatment of seasonal influenza. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4568–4574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad R, Eberle U, Dangel A, Treis B, Berger A, Bengs K (2020) Rapid establishment of laboratory diagnostics for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Bavaria, Germany. Euro Surveill 25(9):2000173

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kuebler WM, Parthasarathi K, Wang PM, Bhattacharya J (2000) A novel signaling mechanism between gas and blood compartments of the lung. J Clin Invest 105(7):905–913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar N, Upadhyay LSB (2018) 19 – Polymeric gels for biosensing applications. In: Pal K, Banerjee I (eds) Polymeric gels, pp 487–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee SH, Baek YH, Kim YH, Choi YK, Song MS, Ahn JY (2016) One-pot reverse transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for detecting MERS-CoV. Front Microbiol 7:2166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Cheglakov Z, Yi J, Cronin TM, Gibson KJ, Tian BZ, Weizmann Y (2017) Plasmonic photothermal gold bipyramid nanoreactors for ultrafast real-time bioassays. J Am Chem Soc 139:8054–8057

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim YX, Ng YL, Tam JP, Liu DX (2016) Human coronaviruses: a review of virus-host interactions. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 4(3):26

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY, Kim MJ, Seong YM, Lee WJ et al (2020) Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID- 19 infection in Korea: the application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR. J Korean Med Sci 35(6):e79

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Liu Y, Diao B, Feifei R et al (2020) Diagnostic indexes of a rapid IgG/IgM combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2. Medxriv 20044883

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu CL, Murakowski DK, Bournazos S, Schoofs T, Sarkar D, Halper-Stromberg A et al (2016) Enhanced clearance of HIV-1-infected cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 in vivo. Science 352(6288):1001–1004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H et al (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395:565–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lurie N, Saville M, Hatchett R, Halton J (2020) Perspective: developing COVID-19 vaccines at pandemic speed. N Engl J Med 382:1969–1973

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marano G, Vaglio S, Pupella S, Facco G, Catalano L, Liumbruno GM et al (2016) Convalescent plasma: new evidence for an old therapeutic tool. Blood Transfus 14(2):152–157

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mauthe M, Orhon I, Rocchi C, Zhou X, Luhr M, Hijlkema K-J, Coppes RP, Engedal N, Mari M, Reggiori F (2018) Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy 14(8):1435–1455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McGonagle D, Sharif K, O’Regan A, Bridgewood C (2020) Interleukin-6 use in COVID-19 pneumonia related macrophage activation syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 19(6):102537

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore S C, Penrice-Randal R, Alruwaili M et al (2020) Amplicon based MinION sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and metagenomics characterisation of nasopharyngeal swabs from patients with COVID-19. medRxiv:20032011

    Google Scholar 

  • Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T (2001) Detection of loop mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289:150–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Muruato AE, Fontes-Garfias CR, Ren P, Garcia-Blanco MA, Menachery VD, Xie X, Shi PY (2020) A high-throughput neutralizing antibody assay for COVID-19 diagnosis and vaccine evaluation. bioRxiv:109546

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagamine K, Hase T, Notomi T (2002) Accelerated reaction by loop mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers. Mol Cell Probs 16:223–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen K, Yu WL, Kelly L, Bermudez R, Renteria T, Dajer A, Gutierrez E, Williams J, Algire J, de Eschaide ST (2008) Development of a lateral flow assay for rapid detection of bovine antibody to Anaplasma marginale. J Immunoass Immunochem 29(1):10–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T (2000) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 28:E63

    Google Scholar 

  • Okba NMA et al (2020) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Emerg Infect Dis 26(7):1478–1488

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson T, Brunius G, Carlsson HE, Thore A (1979) Luminescence immunoassay (LIA): a solid-phase immunoassay monitored by chemiluminescence. J Immunol Methods 25(2):127–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omrani AS, Saad MM, Baig K et al (2014) Ribavirin and interferon alfa-2a for severe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 14(11):1090–1095

    Google Scholar 

  • Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S (2020) Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 323(18):1775–1776

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, Gui S, Liang B, Li L (2020) Time course of lung changes on chest CT during recovery from 2019 novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Radiology 295(3):715–721

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S (2020) Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol 79:104212

    Google Scholar 

  • Park SE (2020) Epidemiology, virology, and clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome -coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease-19). Clin Exp Pediatr 63(4):119–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • PathSensors, Inc (2020) Announced the development of a SARSCoV-2 biosensor. PathSensorsInc 443:887–4005

    Google Scholar 

  • Pene F, Merlat A, Vabret A et al (2003) Coronavirus 229E-related pneumonia in immuno compromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 37(7):929–932

    Google Scholar 

  • Perera RA et al (2020) Serological assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), March 2020. Euro Surveill 25(16):2000421

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu G, Gai Z, Tao Y, Schmitt J, Kullak-Ublick GA, Wang J (2020) Dual-functional plasmonic photothermal biosensors for highly accurate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection. ACS Nano 14(5):5268–5277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ et al (2020), Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl) 133(9):1015–1024

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohrman BA, Leautaud V, Molyneux E, Richards-Kortum RRA (2012) Lateral flow assay for quantitative detection of amplified HIV-1 RNA. PLoS One 7(9):e45611

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosa S, Santos WC (2020) Clinical trials on drug repositioning for COVID-19 treatment. Revistapanamericana de salud publica = Pan Am J Public Health 44:e40

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosseau S, Selhorst J, Wiechmann K, Leissner K, Maus U, Mayer K et al (2000) Monocyte migration through the alveolar epithelial barrier: adhesion molecule mechanisms and impact of chemokines. J Immunol 164(1):427–435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rynes R (1997) Antimalarial drugs in the treatment of rheumatological diseases. Rheumatology 36(7):799–805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos R, Ferreira A, Verano-Braga T, Bader M (2013) Angiotensin-converting enzyme2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas: new players of renin-angiotensin system. J Endocrinol 216(2):R1–R17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sassolas A, Blum LJ, Leca-Bouvier BD (2011) Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors. Biotechnol Adv 30(3):489–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Savarino A, Di Trani L, Donatelli I, Cauda R, Cassone A (2006) New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine. Lancet Infect Dis 6(2):67–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrezenmeier E, Dorner T (2020) Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 16(3):155–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz KR, Gilman AL (1997) The lysosomotropic amines, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: a potentially novel therapy for graft-versus-host disease. Leuk Lymphoma 24(3–4):201–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL et al (2017) Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med 9(396):3653–3653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Leist SR et al (2020) Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nat Commun 11:222–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J (2020) Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 20:425–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Shulla A, Taylor HS, Subramanya G, Jincun Z, Perlman S, Gallagher TA (2011) trans-membrane serine protease is linked to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor and activates virus entry. J Virol 85:873–882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soler M, Huertas CS, Lechuga LM (2019) Label-free plasmonic biosensors for point-of-care diagnostics: a review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 19:71–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Son JH, Cho B, Hong S, Lee SH, Hoxha O, Haack AJ, Lee LP (2015) Ultrafast photonic PCR. Light Sci Appl 4:e280

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan R (2020) COVID-19 diagnostics explained. Asian Scientist

    Google Scholar 

  • Thai HTC, Le MQ, Vuong CD, Parida M, Minekawa H, Notomi T, Hasebe F, Morita K (2004) Development and evaluation of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol 42(5):1956–1961

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tian S, Hu W, Niu L et al (2020) Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 15(5):700–704

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tikellis C, Johnston CI, Forbes JM, Burns WC, Burrell LM, Risvanis J, Cooper ME (2003) Characterization of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension 41(3):392–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JMC (2020) Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis:ciaa149

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Oxford (2020) Low-cost dexamethasone reduces death by up to one third in hospitalised patients with severe respiratory complications of COVID-19

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaarala MH, Porvari KS, Kellokumpu S, Kyllönen AP, Vihko PT (2001) Expression of transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2 in mouse and human tissues. J Pathol 193(1):134–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vassilara F (2018) A rare case of human coronavirus 229E associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in a healthy adult. Case Rape Infect Dis 2018:6796839

    Google Scholar 

  • Villalaín J (2010) Membranotropic effects of arbidol, a broad anti-viral molecule, on phospholipid model membranes. J Phys Chem B 114(25):8544–8554

    Google Scholar 

  • Villar J, Belda J, Añón JM et al (2016) Evaluating the efficacy of dexamethasone in the treatment of patients with persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 1(7):342

    Google Scholar 

  • Villar J, Ferrando C, Martínez D et al (2020) Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 8(3):267–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L et al (2020a) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 30:269–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Kang H, Liu X, Tong Z (2020b) Combination of RT-qPCR testing and clinical features for diagnosis of COVID-19 facilitates management of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. J Med Virol 92(6):538–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams VR, Scholey JW (2018) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 27(1):35–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wit DE, Feldmann F, Cronin J et al (2020) Prophylactic,phylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117:6771–6776

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf H, Haus M, Leser U et al (1984) New developments in nucleic acid hybridization. IARC Sci Publ 63:373–391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2020a) WHO welcomes preliminary results about dexamethasone use in treating critically ill COVID-19 patients

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2020b) Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z, McGoogan M (2020a) Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 50(5):e13233

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z, McGoogan JM (2020b) Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2648

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu F et al (2020) A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579:265–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xi G, Peng G, Quan W, Boyang C, Bin L (2014) Development of a single nucleotide polymorphism DNA microarray for the detection and genotyping of the SARS coronavirus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 24(10):1445–1454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, Zheng C, Wang F, Liu J (2020a) Chest CT for typical 2019-nCoV pneumonia: relationship to negative RT-PCR testing. Radiology 200343

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie X et al (2020b) An infectious cDNA clone of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe 27(5):841–848.e3

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M et al (2020a) In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis:ciaa237

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC et al (2020b) A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies 49:E009

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousefifard M, Zali A, Mohamed Ali K, MadaniNeishaboori A, Zarghi A, Hosseini M, Safari S (2020) Antiviral therapy in management of COVID-19: a systematic review on current evidence. Arch Acad Emerg Med 8(1):e45

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS (2020a) A protocol for detection of COVID-19 using CRISPR diagnostics. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard v, 20200321

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Lin D, Sun X, Curth U, Drosten C, Sauerhering L, Becker S, Rox K, Hilgenfeld R (2020b) Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved α-ketoamide inhibitors. Science (New York, NY) 368(6489):409–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Yan X, Fan Q et al (2020c) D-dimer levels on admission to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19. J Thromb Haemost 18(6):1324–1329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Vibha Sinha, Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma & Dhananjay Shukla

  2. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

    Saurabh Saxena

  3. Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Sanjay Kumar Pandey & Sudhakar Dwivedi

  4. NextGen In-vitro Diagnostics Pvt Ltd., Gurugram, Haryana, India

    Suresh Thakur

  5. President & CEO, NampEVA BioTherapeutics LLC, Dover, DE, USA

    Alexzander Asea

  6. Department of Medicine and Precision Therapeutics Proteogenomics Diagnostic Center Eleanor N. Dana Cancer Center, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA

    Alexzander Asea

  7. Department of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

    Ashwini Kumar Dixit & Vineeta Dixit

Authors
  1. Vibha Sinha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Saurabh Saxena
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sanjay Kumar Pandey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sudhakar Dwivedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Suresh Thakur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Alexzander Asea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ashwini Kumar Dixit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Vineeta Dixit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Dhananjay Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. President & CEO, NampEVA BioTherapeutics LLC, Dover, DE, USA

    Alexzander A. A. Asea

  2. Department of Medicine and Precision Therapeutics Proteogenomics Diagnostic Center Eleanor N. Dana Cancer Center, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA

    Punit Kaur

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sinha, V. et al. (2021). Current Challenges for the Effective Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: Asea, A.A.A., Kaur, P. (eds) Coronavirus Therapeutics – Volume II. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1353. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation