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Lignin and Lignocellulosic Materials: A Glance on the Current Opportunities for Energy and Sustainability

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Advances in Sustainable Energy

Abstract

Fossil fuels are running out fast. The energy demand is one of the largest challenges humankind has ever faced. Applications targeting renewable resources that are nonpetroleum based are booming. The scientific community is now ever more dedicated to the production of sustainable, green, and bio-based materials. Biomasses have started to realize their potential as a renewable energy source! This sentence is becoming a truth, especially if we know that out of the 2TW energy coming from renewable energy sources and which represent only 21% of the actual current needs, biomasses contribute to more than 70% compared to around 30% from hydropower. Yet, most of the biomass is in the form of fuelwood as well as agricultural and animal wastes. Approximately 70 x 106 tons of lignin are produced in the pulping procedure and only ~2% of this enormous amount is reused! The fate of the rest is either a low-grade fuel or thrust aside as waste. With a high content of functional groups (especially hydroxyl moieties either aliphatic or aromatic) and an elevated carbon content, lignin retains the “considered necessary” properties for energy storage and energy reservation applications. These properties include, for example, liability for chemical modification and thermal stability. Moreover, lignin is of low cost, widely available from different plant sources, promising renewability, biodegradable, and biocompatible with relevant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. A combination of these properties in one source has opened realms of applications in the fields of material sciences as well as in the associated fields, for example, biology and medicine as readers will see throughout the chapter. To that point, the authors are focusing on lignin in the production of biofuels, polymer-based materials, lignin as a carbon precursor for environmental and catalytic applications, and micro- and nanoscale applications.

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Acknowledgments

M E-A and MFS would like to thank their university and associated funding agencies, both private and public. LL would like to thank the National Science Foundation (NSF-MRI, CBET 0821370), and alongside SB, the R. Welch Foundation (AC-0006) from the Texas A&M University-Kingsville, is also duly acknowledged.

Author Contribution

Marwa El-Azazy (M.E.): suggestion of chapter topic, collecting sources and references, writing the first draft, creation of figures and artwork, and final revision. Mohamed F. Shibl (M.F.S.): suggestion of chapter topic, revision of different drafts, and assembling chapter to the publisher’s format. Sajid Liu (S. L.): scientific discussion and suggestions, and revision of different drafts. Jingbo L. Liu (J. L. L.): scientific discussion and check of the tables.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

    Marwa El-Azazy

  2. Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA

    Sajid Bashir & Jingbo Louise Liu

  3. Texas A&M Energy Institute, College Station, TX, USA

    Jingbo Louise Liu

  4. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

    Mohamed F. Shibl

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  1. Marwa El-Azazy
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  2. Sajid Bashir
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Correspondence to Marwa El-Azazy or Mohamed F. Shibl .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hangzhou Branch of the Zhejiang Tsinghua Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Clean Energy and Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Centre, Hangzhou City, China

    Yong-jun Gao

  2. Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Weixin Song

  3. Texas A&M University – Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA

    Jingbo Louise Liu

  4. Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University – Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA

    Sajid Bashir

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El-Azazy, M., Bashir, S., Liu, J.L., Shibl, M.F. (2021). Lignin and Lignocellulosic Materials: A Glance on the Current Opportunities for Energy and Sustainability. In: Gao, Yj., Song, W., Liu, J.L., Bashir, S. (eds) Advances in Sustainable Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74406-9_22

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