Abstract
With the urgent need for automatized algorithm applications to an ever-increasing amount of data and a further decrease of the chances of human errors on crucial tasks, artificial intelligence algorithms were introduced.
An expansive demand of AI applications in varying fields led to the development of specifically designed ad hoc algorithms with the role of better estimating (by learning) solutions to the problems.
The boost of AI in healthcare right now is a consequence of two things – the availability of big data and better processors, able to train and execute algorithmic tasks, i.e., implementations of these algorithms with neural networks.
It will soon be vital for medical students to grasp the principles of AI. The purpose of this major reference textbook on AI in medicine, of which this chapter is the base level introduction, is to become the greatest standard reference work. No area of medicine, preclinical or clinical, will escape the profound effects of AI: the whole healthcare domain will be reshaped thoroughly.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sparkes B. The Red and The Black: studies in Greek pottery. Routledge; 1996. p. 124. ISBN 0-415-12661-4, ISBN 978-0-415-12661-8; two late fifth-century vase paintings depicting the death of Talos are discussed by Robertson M. The death of Talos. J Hellenic Stud 1977;97:159f.
Ashrafian H. Mathematics in medicine: the 300-year legacy of iatro-mathematics. Lancet. 2013;382(9907):1780.
Guerrini A. Archibald Pitcairne and Newtonian medicine. Med Hist. 1987;31:70–83.
Iatro-mathematics. Lancet 1920;196:610–11.
Putting Watson to Work: Watson in healthcare. IBM. Retrieved 11 Nov 2013.
IBM Watson helps fight cancer with evidence-based diagnosis and treatment suggestions. IBM. Retrieved 12 Nov 2013.
Saxena M. IBM Watson progress and 2013 Roadmap (Slide 7). IBM; 2013. Retrieved 12 Nov 2013.
Wakeman N. IBM’s Watson heads to medical school. Washington Technology; 2011. Retrieved 19 Feb 2011.
Upbin B. IBM’s Watson gets its first piece of business in healthcare. Forbes; 2013, February 8.
Miliard M. Watson heads to medical school: Cleveland Clinic, IBM Send Supercomputer to College. Healthcare IT News; 2012, October 30. Retrieved 11 Nov 2013.
Ghosh S. Google is consolidating DeepMind’s healthcare AI business under its new Google Health unit. Business Insider. Retrieved 30 Jan 2020.
Baraniuk C. Google’s DeepMind to peek at NHS eye scans for disease analysis. BBC; 2016, 6 July. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
Baraniuk C. Google DeepMind targets NHS head and neck cancer treatment. BBC; 2016, August 16. Retrieved 5 Sept 2016.
Marr B. Accessed 8 Feb 2021. https://www.bernardmarr.com/default.asp?contentID=1373
https://medium.com/better-programming/pythons-advantages-and-disadvantages-summarized-212b5fdf8883. Accessed 8 Feb 2021.
The 6th DOMO Report. Domo.com, 2018.
Andrae A, Edler T. On global electricity usage of communication technology: trends to 2030. Challenges. 2015;6:117–57.
Illustration by Nilay Nishit, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India, May 2019.
Illustration by Federica Aresu, KTH, and Niklas Lidströmer, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, February 2021.
https://www.javatpoint.com/machine-learning-decision-tree-classification-algorithm, open-source image.
Illustration by Venkata Jagannath, TIBCO Spotfire, http://community.tibco.com. Accessed 12 Feb 2021, release as free license on Wikipedia.
http://Machinelearningmastery.com. Accessed 11 Feb 2021.
Oliver Carloni, SemSpirit.com, Research engines in artificial intelligence. His website presents a profound and comprehensive guidance and illustration of most of the useful calculations for AI.
Poggio T, Liao Q, Theory I. Deep networks and the curse of dimensionality. Bull Polish Acad Sci Tech Sci. 2018;66(6):761–73.
Rosenblatt F. The perceptron, a perceiving and recognizing automaton Project Para. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory; 1957.
Image by Kiyoshi Kawaguchi, The University of Texas at El Paso College of Engineering Electrical & Computer Engineering, utep.edu.
Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS); 2012.
Sagar R. OpenAI releases GPT-3, the largest model so far. Analytics India Magazine. 2020, June 3. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
Brown TB, Mann B, Ryder N, Subbiah M, Kaplan J, Prafulla D, Neelakantan A, Shyam P, Sastry G, Askell A, Agarwal S, Herbert-Voss A, Krueger G, Henighan T, Child R, Ramesh A, Ziegler DM, Wu J, Winter C, Hesse C, Chen M, Sigler E, Litwin M, Gray S, Chess B, Clark J, Berner C, McCandlish S, Radford A, Sutskever I, Amodei D Language models are few- shot learners. 2020;arXiv:2005.14165.
Document-feature matrix: Tutorials for quanteda. http://tutorials.quanteda.io. Accessed 11 Feb 2021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Lidströmer, N., Aresu, F., Ashrafian, H. (2022). Basic Concepts of Artificial Intelligence: Primed for Clinicians. In: Lidströmer, N., Ashrafian, H. (eds) Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64573-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-64572-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-64573-1
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine