Abstract
All insects rely on an innate immune system to eliminate potentially lethal parasites and pathogens. In kissing bugs, this immune system comprises a plethora of elements that first recognize parasites and pathogens as non-self, followed by a multi-faceted response to eliminate them. There is an intriguing molecular interplay between kissing bugs and pathogens; the insects wish to eliminate pathogens while not eliminating the obligate intestinal microbial symbionts on which they depend for survival. Beneficial bacteria and the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi survive in the lumen of the intestinal tract but are eliminated if they enter the hemocoel. The closely related parasite, Trypanosoma rangeli, however, survives in the hemocoel and later establishes in the salivary glands. Our understanding of triatomine-pathogen interactions has expanded dramatically due to the availability of new molecular and genetic tools that allow us to understand the expression and function of immune molecules, and the mechanisms by which they function. The immune system in triatomines has three main components: physical barriers, cellular responses (phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation), and humoral factors (antimicrobial peptides, lectins, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and the phenoloxidase cascade). Here, we describe the current knowledge and adaptations of the innate immune system of triatomines, how it interacts with pathogens and parasites, and the challenges we face in studying these interactions.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Arachidonic acid
- AMG:
-
Anterior midgut
- AMP:
-
Antimicrobial peptides
- CLR:
-
C-type lectin
- DAMP:
-
Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DTU:
-
Discrete typing units
- DUOX:
-
Dual oxidase
- ERK:
-
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- GIPL:
-
Glycoinositolphospholipid
- GNBP:
-
Gram-negative binding proteins
- Gr−:
-
Gram-negative bacteria
- Gr+:
-
Gram-positive bacteria
- IMD:
-
Immune deficiency pathway or protein
- JAK/STAT:
-
Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
- JNK:
-
Jun N-terminal kinase
- LOX:
-
Lipoxygenase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharides
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NOS:
-
Nitric oxide synthase
- NOX:
-
NADPH oxidase
- OUT:
-
Operational taxonomic units
- PAF:
-
Platelet activating factor biosynthetic pathway
- PAMP:
-
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
- PGRP:
-
Peptidoglycan recognition receptors
- PLA2:
-
Phospholipase A2
- PMG:
-
Posterior midgut
- PMM:
-
Perimicrovillar membrane
- PO:
-
Phenoloxidase
- PPO:
-
Prophenoloxidase
- PRR:
-
Pattern recognition receptors
- Pvr:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor related
- Pxt:
-
Peroxinectin
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- TOR:
-
Target of rapamycin
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Salcedo-Porras, N., Lowenberger, C. (2021). The Immune System of Triatomines. In: Guarneri, A., Lorenzo, M. (eds) Triatominae - The Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors . Entomology in Focus, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64548-9_14
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