Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Just Enough Nitrogen: Summary and Synthesis of Outcomes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Just Enough Nitrogen

Abstract

Food production and power generation have increased to feed growing populations and to keep pace with economic development, leading to major human alteration of the global nitrogen (N) cycle. The result is a global challenge, with many regions having ‘too much’ or ‘too little’ nitrogen. As di-nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere, nitrogen is one of the most abundant elements, but which cannot be used by most organisms. Conversely, reactive nitrogen (Nr) is essential for organisms, but is mostly in short supply for natural ecosystems. Human activities have polarized the differences in Nr flows between different world regions, leading to major sustainability challenges, with implications for food security, adverse impacts on health and ecosystems, and the need to develop tools and policies for better management. In developed regions, abundant use of manufactured fertilizers, crop biological nitrogen fixation and inadvertent formation of nitrogen oxides via combustion processes are leading to a plethora of environmental problems. These threaten air quality, water quality, soil quality, greenhouse gas balance, stratospheric ozone levels, biodiversity and human health. At the same time, in many developing regions, insufficient access to reactive nitrogen is leading to degradation of agricultural soils including N depletion, making it vital to reduce losses and recycle available nitrogen stocks. Nitrogen emissions as a result of agricultural practices and combustion for energy represent a major economic loss. Adding up all N losses in the world (excluding emissions from oceans) amounts to a lost agricultural fertilizer resource worth around $200 billion USD annually. The societal costs to human health, ecosystems and climate are even larger at $400–4000 billion USD annually. Knowledge of these figures can help motivate society to optimize with ‘just enough’ nitrogen. This chapter provides an overview of results from the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala (Uganda), which considered the question of how to optimize practices for ‘just enough’ nitrogen both internationally and specifically for the African Continent. From experimental trials to scenario analysis, the contributions demonstrate the approaches being used. The messages in very different regions often turn out to be surprisingly similar. They encompass all aspects of society: optimizing the use of available fertilizer and manure resources (both under excess and under scarcity conditions), improving nitrogen use efficiency, developing landscape integration, and optimizing our food choices by prior planning that can also reduce food waste. Together, such nitrogen-related strategies will have major benefits for global environmental sustainability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdullahi, A. A., Howieson, J., O’Hara, G., Terpolilli, J., Tiwari, R., Yusuf, A. A. (2020). History of Rhizobia inoculants use for improving performance of grain legumes based on experience from Nigeria. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 7 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol, Y. P., Adhya, T. K., Aneja, V. P., Raghuram, N., Pathak, H., Kulshrestha, U., Chhemendra, S., et al. (Eds.). (2017). The Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of reactive nitrogen, environmental and climate effects, management options, and policies. Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, A. T., Bustamante, M. M. C., Nardoto, G. B., Mitre, S. K., Pérez, T., Ometto, J. P. H. B., et al. (2013). Latin America’s nitrogen challenge. Science, 340(6129), 149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J. S., & Davidson, E. A. (2020). The INI North American Regional Nitrogen Center: 2011–2015 nitrogen activities in North America. In M.A. Sutton, K.E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W.K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 34 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brender, J. D. (2020). Human health effects of exposure to nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen dioxide. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda, (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 18 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briukhanov, A., Vasilev, E., Kozlova, N., Maksimov, D., Shalavina, E., Subbotin, I. (2020). Farm level assessment of nitrogen use efficiency as part of environmental management. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 26 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterbach-Bahl, K., Nemitz, E., Zaehle, S., Billen, G., Boeckx, P., Erisman, J. W., et al. (2011). Nitrogen as a threat to the European greenhouse gas balance. In M. A. Sutton, C. M. Howard, J. W. Erisman, G. Billen, A. Bleeker, P. Grennfelt, H. van Grinsven, B. Grizzetti (Eds.), The European Nitrogen Assessment. Sources, effects and policy perspectives (Chapter 19, pp. 434–462). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calleja-Cervantes, M. E., Huerfano, X., Barrena, I., Estavillo, J. M., Aparicio-Tejo, P. M., Gonzalez-Murua, Menéndez, S. (2020). Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from forests, grasslands and agricultural soils in northern Spain. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 23 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordovil, C. M. d. S., Gonçalves, V., de Varennes, A., Leach, A. M., Galloway, J. M. (2020). A first approach to the calculation of nitrogen footprint in Lisbon, Portugal. In M.A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 29 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalgaard, T., Olesen, J. E., Schjørring, J. K., Jensen, L. S., Vejre, H., Andersen, P. S., Gundersen, P., et al. (Eds.) (2017). Innovative solutions for sustainable management of nitrogen. Proceedings from the International Conference, Aarhus, Denmark, 25–28 June 2017, and the Following United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen Meeting (TFRN-12, 29–30 June 2017. Denmark: Aarhus University and the DNMARK Research Alliance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalgaard, T., Brock, S., Hansen, B., Hasler, B., Hertel, O., Hutchings, N. J., Jacobsen, B., et al. (2020). DNMARK: Danish nitrogen mitigation assessment: Research and know-how for a sustainable, low-nitrogen food production. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 25 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, E. (2020). Nitrogen deposition to China’s coastal seas: Status and ecological impacts. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 19 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Famuwagun, I. B., & Oladitan, T. (2020). Influence of varying rates of fertilizers on the performance of cacao (Theobroma cacao) seedlings in the nursery. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 4 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J. N., Townsend, A. R., Erisman, J. W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Freney, J. R., et al. (2008). Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions and potential solutions. Science, 320(5878), 889–892.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García-Gómez, H., Calvete-Sogo, H., González-Fernández, I., Rábago, I., Bermejo, V., Valiño, F., Sanz, J., et al. (2020). Atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Spain: Emission and deposition trends, critical load exceedances and effects on terrestrial ecosystems. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 21 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garnett, T., & Godfray, C. (2012). Sustainable intensification in agriculture. Navigating a course through competing food system priorities. Food Climate Research Network and the Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food, UK: University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glibert, P. M., Maranger, R., Sobota, D. J., & Bouwman, L. (2014). The Haber Bosch–harmful algal bloom (HB–HAB) link. Environmental Research Letters, 9(10), 105001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glibert, P., Maranger, R., Sobota, D. J., Bouwman, L. (2020). Further evidence of the Haber-Bosch—harmful algal bloom (HB-HAB) link and the risk of suggesting HAB control through phosphorus reductions only. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 17 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grizzetti, B., Billen, G., Davidson, E. A., Winiwarter, W., de Vries, W., Fowler, D., Howard, C. M., et al. (2020). Global nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 28 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu, B. J., Ge, Y., Ren, Y., Xu, B., Luo, W. D., Jiang, H., et al. (2012). Atmospheric reactive nitrogen in China: Sources, recent trends, and damage costs. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(17), 9420–9427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, K., Ono, K., Tokido, T., Matsushima, M. Y., Yano, M., Toyoda, S., Katata, G., et al. (2020). Nitrogen aspects of the Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) study for paddy rice ecosystems. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 22 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickman, J., Zingore, S., Galy-Lacaux, C., Kihara, J., Bekunda, M., Palm, C. (2020). Assessing synergies and trade-offs from nitrogen use in Africa. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 5 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • IFA. (2014). International Fertilizer Association 2014 Database. http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/Home-Page/STATISTICS.

  • Kathuli, P., Zaharah, A. R., Nguluu, S. N. (2020). Contribution of Gliricidia sepium pruning and fallow to sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa) yield, nitrogen uptake, release pattern and use efficiency in a humid tropical environment of Malaysia. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 16 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraaijvanger, R. G., & Veldkamp, T. (2020). Evaluating resource use efficiency and stock balances of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer inputs: The effect of soil supply capacity in Tigray (Ethiopia). In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 14 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassaletta, L., Billen, G., Grizzetti Anglade, J., & Garnier, J. (2014). 50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: The relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland. Environmental Research Letters, 9(10), 105011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lassaletta, L., Billen, G., Grizzetti, B., Anglade, J., Garnier, J. (2020). Long term trends in agronomical and environmental performances of world cropping systems: The relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland at the country and regional scales. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 2 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, G., Bealey, B., Dupraz, C., Skiba, U. (2020). Agroforestry and opportunities for improved nitrogen management. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 27 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lege, L. M., & Carpenter-Boggs, L. A. (2020). Producer knowledge, attitudes, and practices for dry beans and biological nitrogen fixation in Kamuli district, Uganda. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 8 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leip, A., Leach, A., Musinguzi, P., Tumwesigye, T., Olupot, G., Tenywa, J. S., et al. (2014). Nitrogen-neutrality: A step towards sustainability. Environmental Research Letters, 9(11), 115001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukin, S. M. (2020). Nitrogen loss when using organic and mineral fertilizers on soddy podzolic sandy-loan soil in central Russia. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 12 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masso, C., Bekunda, M., Mngube, F. M. (2020). The INI African regional nitrogen centre: Challenges and opportunities in Africa. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 31 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2020). Anthropogenic nitrogen loads to fresh water: A high-resolution global study. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 20 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mhango, W. G., Snapp, S., Kanyama-Phiri, G. Y. (2020). Biological nitrogen fixation of pigeonpea and groundnut: Quantifying response across 18 farm sites in northern Malawi. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 10 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musinguzi, P., Ebanyat, P., Tenywa, J. S., Bekunda, M. (2020). Sorghum response to nitrogen in organic carbon-categorized Ferralsol and Andosol in Uganda. In M.A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 13 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naluyange, V., Ochieno, D. M. W., Maingi, J. M., Ombori, O., Mukaminega, D., Amoding, A., et al. (2014). Compatibility of Rhizobium inoculant and water hyacinth compost formulations in Rosecoco bean and consequences on Aphis fabae and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum infestations. Applied Soil Ecology, 76(4), 66–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naluyange, V., Ochieno, D. M. W., Wandahwa, P., Maingi, J. M., Ombori, O., Mukaminega, D., Amoding, A., et al,. (2020). Performance of Mwitemania bean under the influence of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium inoculant, water hyacinth composts and DAP fertilizer in a field infested with Aphis fabae and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 9 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ometto, J. P., Ascarrunz, N. L., Austin, A. T., Bustamante, M. M., Cunha-Zeri, G., Forti, M.C., Hoelzemann, J., et al. (2020). The latin America regional nitrogen centre: Concepts and recent activities. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 35 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onaga, G., Kikafunda, J., Bigirwa, G., Asea, G., Mwamburi, L. A. (2020). Rice response to nitrogen and supplemental irrigation under low phosphorus and potassium in upland production systems in East Africa. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 15 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onyango, J. W., Esilaba, A. O., Rao, K. P. C., Kathuli, P. (2020). A critique of combining tillage practices and nitrogen for enhanced maize production on a humic nitisol in Kenya. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 3 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pepó, P. (2020). Effect of climate change and crop-year on the yield and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 24 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raghuram, N., Abrol, Y. P., Pathak, H. (2020). The INI South Asian regional nitrogen centre: Capacity building for regional nitrogen assessment and management. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 32 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, S., Bekunda, M., Howard, C. M., Karanja, N., Winiwarter, W., Yan, X., et al. (2016). Synthesis and review: Tackling the nitrogen management challenge: From global to local scales. Environmental Research Letters, 11(12), 120205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SACEP. (2014). Nutrient loading and eutrophication of coastal waters of the South Asian seas—A scoping study. South Asia Cooperative Environment Program (SACEP). Available online at: http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-Technical/2014.05.21–22-Scoping-study-on-Nutrient-loading-in-SAS-Region.pdf. Accessed September 2019.

  • Sala, O. E., Chapin, F. S., Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., et al. (2000). Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287, 1770–1774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha, V. B., Jangam, A. P., Raghuram, N. (2020). Biological determinants of crop nitrogen use efficiency and biotechnological avenues for improvement. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 11 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, M. A, Bleeker, A., Stevens, C., et al. (2009). The Barsac Declaration: Environmental sustainability and the demitarian diet. Available online at: http://www.initrogen.org/publications/barsac-declaration. Accessed 11 September 2018.

  • Sutton, M. A., Howard, C., Erisman, J. W., Billen, G., Bleeker, A., Grennfelt, P., van Grinsven, H., et al. (Eds.). (2011). The European Nitrogen Assessment: Sources, effects and policy perspectives. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, M. A., Bleeker, A., Howard, C. M., Bekunda, M., Grizzetti, B., de Vries, W., van Grinsven, H. J. M., et al. (2013). Our Nutrient World: The challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution. Global Overview of Nutrient Management. Edinburgh: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, on behalf of the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management and the International Nitrogen Initiative.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, M. A., Howard, C. M., Brownlie, W. J., Skiba, U., Hicks, W. K., Winiwarter, W., van Grinsven, H., et al. (2017). The European nitrogen assessment 6 years after: What was the outcome and what are the future research challenges?. In T. Dalgaard, J. E. Olesen, J. K. Schjørring, L. S. Jensen, H. Vejre, P. S. Andersen, P. Gundersen, et al. (Eds.) (2017). Innovative Solutions for Sustainable Management of Nitrogen. Proceedings from the International conference, Aarhus, Denmark, 25–28 June 2017, and the following United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen Meeting (TFRN-12, 29–30 June 2017 (pp. 40–49). Denmark: Aarhus University and the DNMARK Research Alliance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, M. A., Howard, C. M., Brownlie, W. J., Kanter, D. R., de Vries, W., Adhya, T. K., Ometto, J. P., et al. (2020a). Global challenges for nitrogen science-policy interactions: Towards the International Management System (INMS) and improved coordination between multi-lateral environmental agreements. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 36 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, M. A., Ebanyat, P., Raghuram, N., Bekunde, M., Tenywa, J. S., Winiwarter, W., Bleeker, A., et al. (2020b). The kampala statement-for-action on reactive nitrogen in Africa and globally. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 38 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ti, C., & Yan, X. (2013). Spatial and temporal variations of river nitrogen exports from major basins in China. Environmental Science Pollution, 20(9), 6509–6520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tumwesigye, T., Olupot, G., Musinguzi, P., Leip, A., Bekunda, M., Sutton, M. A. (2020). Pre-informed consumers on a pre-adjusted menu had smaller nitrogen footprints during the N2013 Conference, Kampala, than those on a conventional menu. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 37 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Grinsven, H. J. M., Erisman, J. W., de Vries, W., & Westhoek, H. (2015). Potential of extensification of European agriculture for a more sustainable food system, focusing on nitrogen. Environmental Research Letters, 10(2), 025002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Grinsven, H. J. M., Erisman, J. W., de Vries, W., Westhoek, H., Lassaletta, L. (2020). Potential of extensification of European and Dutch agriculture for a more sustainable food system focusing on nitrogen and livestock. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 6 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P. M., Naylor, R., Crews, T., David, M. B., Drinkwater, L. E., Holland, E., et al. (2009). Nutrient imbalances in agricultural development. Science, 324(5934), 1519–1520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westhoek, H., Lesschen, J. P., Rood, T., Wagner, S., De Marco, A., Murphy-Bockern, D., et al. (2014). Food choices, health and environment: Effects of cutting Europe’s meat and dairy intake. Global Environmental Change, 26, 196–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westhoek, H., Lesschen, J. P., Leip A., Rood, T., Wagner, S., De Marco, A., Murphy-Bokern, D., et al. (2015). Nitrogen on the table: The influence of food choices on nitrogen emissions and the European environment. (European Nitrogen Assessment Special Report on Nitrogen and Food). Edinburgh: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winiwarter, W., de Vries, W., Grizzetti, B., Hicks, W. K., van Grinsven, H. J. M., Voss, M. (2020). The INI European Regional nitrogen centre: Concepts and vision. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 30 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan, X., Ti, C., Hayashi, K. (2020). The INI East Asia regional nitrogen centre: Balancing food production and the environment—nitrogen-related research and management in East Asia. In M. A. Sutton, K. E. Mason, A. Bleeker, W. K. Hicks, C. Masso, S. Reis, M. Bekunda (Eds.), Just enough nitrogen. Perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen (Proceedings of the 6th International Nitrogen Conference). Chapter 33 (this volume). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Financial support for the 6th International Nitrogen Conference, Kampala, was generously provided through the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Africa Research in Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation (Africa RISING), the National Agricultural Research Organisation of Uganda (NARO), the Department of Agricultural Production of Makerere University, the Global Partnership on Nutrient Management (GPNM) in cooperation with the Scientific Committee on Problems of Environment (SCOPE), the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), the European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), the N2Africa project, and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). We gratefully acknowledge the subsequent associated funding for INMS, firstly through the UK Natural Environment Research Council (International Opportunities Fund) and subsequently from the Global Environment Facility through UN Environment, together with the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) South Asian Nitrogen Hub, which have contributed to the preparation of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, UK

    Mark A. Sutton, Kate E. Mason & Stefan Reis

  2. National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Albert Bleeker

  3. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    W. Kevin Hicks

  4. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 1st Main IRAD Road, Nkolbisson, P.O. Box 2008 (Messa), Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Cargele Masso

  5. University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka Sec. 16C, New Delhi, 110078, India

    N. Raghuram

  6. South Asian Nitrogen Centre, Indian Nitrogen Group, Sustainable India Trust and Society for Conservation of Nature, F-4, A-Block, NASc Complex, DPS Marg, Pusa, New Delhi, 110 012, India

    N. Raghuram

  7. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Arusha, Tanzania

    Mateete Bekunda

Authors
  1. Mark A. Sutton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kate E. Mason
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Albert Bleeker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. W. Kevin Hicks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Cargele Masso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. N. Raghuram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Stefan Reis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mateete Bekunda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark A. Sutton .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK

    Mark A. Sutton

  2. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK

    Kate E. Mason

  3. National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Albert Bleeker

  4. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK

    W. Kevin Hicks

  5. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Yaoundé Research Station, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Cargele Masso

  6. University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India

    N. Raghuram

  7. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK

    Stefan Reis

  8. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Arusha, Tanzania

    Mateete Bekunda

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sutton, M.A. et al. (2020). Just Enough Nitrogen: Summary and Synthesis of Outcomes. In: Sutton, M.A., et al. Just Enough Nitrogen. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58065-0_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation