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Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography: Models, Technologies, and Algorithms

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Innovative Technologies and Signal Processing in Perinatal Medicine

Abstract

The fetal electrocardiogram (fECG) was first recorded from the maternal abdominal surface in the early 1900s. During the past 50 years, the most advanced electronics technologies and signal processing algorithms have been used to convert noninvasive fetal electrocardiography into a reliable technology for fetal cardiac monitoring. In this chapter, the major signal processing techniques, which have been developed for the modeling, extraction, and analysis of the fECG from noninvasive maternal abdominal recordings, are reviewed and compared with one another in detail. The major topics of the chapter include (1) the electrophysiology of the fECG from the signal processing viewpoint, (2) the mathematical model of the maternal volume conduction media and the waveform models of the fECG acquired from body surface leads, (3) the signal acquisition requirements, (4) model-based techniques for fECG noise and interference cancellation, including adaptive filters and semi-blind source separation techniques, and (5) recent algorithmic advances for fetal motion tracking and online fECG extraction from few number of channels.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The term πCA was originally coined in [87], for extracting periodic signals, which resulted in GEVD of a pair matrices as in AMUSE [99].

  2. 2.

    Enforcing the diagonalization of Cx guarantees decorrelation of the extracted sources at a cost of consuming n(n − 1)/2 degrees of freedom of the matrix W. This is why some BSS algorithms do not enforce whitening or sphering but rather include the covariance matrix among the approximately diagonalized set of matrices at a cost of reduced performance [49].

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  1. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Reza Sameni

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  1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Danilo Pani

  2. Family Care Solutions, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

    Chiara Rabotti

  3. Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

    Maria Gabriella Signorini

  4. Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

    Laura Burattini

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Sameni, R. (2021). Noninvasive Fetal Electrocardiography: Models, Technologies, and Algorithms. In: Pani, D., Rabotti, C., Signorini, M.G., Burattini, L. (eds) Innovative Technologies and Signal Processing in Perinatal Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54403-4_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54403-4_5

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-54403-4

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