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Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity pp 109–132Cite as

Chemosynthetic Ecosystems on the Brazilian Deep-Sea Margin

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Part of the book series: Brazilian Marine Biodiversity ((BMB))

Abstract

Chemosynthetic ecosystems are fueled by reduced compounds (CH4 and/or H2S), which are important for the chemosynthetic production by microbiota. They comprise hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, and large organic “islands” or patches, such as whale skeletons and wood falls. Despite common along a large range of geological settings around the world, chemosynthetic ecosystems have only been recently found in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. This knowledge gap hinders the understanding of the distribution, biogeography, and evolution of chemosynthetic-related fauna. Only one active seep is known in the SW Atlantic at the Rio Grande Cone where anaerobic methanotrophic archaea sustain typical chemosynthetic fauna hosting symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria, such as vestimentiferan annelids and solemyid bivalves. However, abundant geological and biological evidence point out that seeps could be frequent along the Brazilian margin. The degradation of the massive organic matter input from a whale carcass and/or large amount of wood increases the concentration of reduced compounds, such as sulfide, which allows chemosynthetic production. As a result, the community established in whale falls or sunken wood resembles those of vents and seeps with part of the fauna relying on the chemosynthetic production. These communities can be common around the world mainly along migratory routes of whales. The Amazon and La Plata rivers are likely to contribute with an abundant quantity of dead wood remains in the SW Atlantic. Despite that, the potential amount of wood was probably negatively affected by the heavy deforestation of the Atlantic rain forest in the last century, reducing the habitat available to wood specialists. The intense exploitation of oil and gas industry along the Brazilian margin as well as the deforestation of Brazilian forests and the pressure on the whale populations could impact indirectly the chemosynthetic communities of this region. Therefore, studies on the chemosynthetic communities of the SW Atlantic as well as the connectivity with other ocean basins are important for conservation efforts in the deep areas off Brazil.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation) to financial support grant 2011/50185-1 to PYGS in BIOTA-FAPESP program (Research Program on Biodiversity Characterization, Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use) and grant 2014/08266-2 to MMM. We wish to thank Marcelo Kitahara who collected the Lamellibrachia cf. luymesi in Pelotas Basin. We also are indebted to the captains and crews of the R/V Alpha-Crucis and Alpha Delphini and Dr. Marcos C.O. Santos (IOUSP) for helping with permits to collect stranded animal bones. MS acknowledges CAPES/Proex (Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education) for providing a PhD scholarship. JMAL and RBC thank CNPq MSc scholarship (133178/2013-7 and 130032/2018-2, respectively). PYGS, AFB, and MM de M were benefitted from CNPq research productivity fellowships (grants 301089/2016-7, 301161/2017-8, 303132/2014-0, respectively). MM de M acknowledges the FAPESP for grants 2010/06147-5 and 2016/22194-0.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Maurício Shimabukuro, Joan M. Alfaro-Lucas, Raissa B. Ramos, Michel M. de Mahiques & Paulo Yukio Gomes Sumida

  2. IFREMER, Centre Bretagne, REM/EEP/LEP, Plouzané, France

    Maurício Shimabukuro & Joan M. Alfaro-Lucas

  3. Grupo de Ecologia Bêntica, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil

    Angelo F. Bernardino

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  6. Paulo Yukio Gomes Sumida
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Correspondence to Maurício Shimabukuro .

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  1. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Paulo Yukio Gomes Sumida

  2. Grupo de Ecologia Bêntica, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil

    Angelo Fraga Bernardino

  3. Ocean Networks Canada and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Fabio Cabrera De Léo

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Shimabukuro, M., Alfaro-Lucas, J.M., Bernardino, A.F., Ramos, R.B., de Mahiques, M.M., Sumida, P.Y.G. (2020). Chemosynthetic Ecosystems on the Brazilian Deep-Sea Margin. In: Sumida, P.Y.G., Bernardino, A.F., De Léo, F.C. (eds) Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Brazilian Marine Biodiversity . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_5

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