Skip to main content

The Influence of the Social Location of Nurses-as-Women on the Early Development of Nursing Ethics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nursing Ethics: Feminist Perspectives

Abstract

The development of nursing’s ethics is intimately tied to the social location of women in the founding years of modern nursing with effects that continue to this day. This claim necessitates attention to the early history of nursing to examine how the influence of the social location of nurses-as-women shaped and informed the development of nursing ethics. The received explanation for the genesis of the Nursing Code of Ethics and its supporting literature is that the primary impetus for the first American nursing code of ethics was to reinforce nursing’s claim to being a profession and to mimic medicine. Yet this explanation is not entirely adequate to explain the extensive and extraordinary body of ethical literature found in the first 100 years of American nursing, from the mid-1800s to 1965. The leaders of early modern nursing were, indeed, concerned to establish nursing as a profession, but the content and development of nursing ethics were not tied to an attempt to parallel medicine or law as recognized professions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aikens, Charlotte A. 1916. Studies in Ethics for Nurses. 1st ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Nurses Association. 1926. A suggested code. The American Journal of Nursing 26 (8): 599–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1940. Tentative code. American Journal of Nursing 40 (9): 977–980.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1950. Code for Nurses. New York: ANA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1960. Code for Professional Nurses. New York: ANA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1968. Code for Professional Nurses. New York: ANA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. New York: ANA.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses. 1896. Convention of Training School Alumnae Delegates and Representatives from the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses, proceedings of the Convention, 2–4 Nov, 1896. Harrisburg, PA: Harrisburg Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullough, Vern, Lilli Sentz, and Alice Stein. 1992. American Nursing: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2. New York: Garland Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Ethical Standards, American Nurses Association. 1924. Minutes of the Meeting of June 28, 1924. New York: ANA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1934. Minutes of the Meeting of December 31, 1934, 2. New York: ANA.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Antonio, Patricia. 2010a. Nurses and physicians in nineteenth century Philadelphia. In American Nursing: A History of Knowledge, Authority, and the Meaning of Work, ed. P. D’Antonio, 13–27. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010b. Nurses and physicians in nineteenth century Philadelphia. In American Nursing: A History of Knowledge, Authority, and the Meaning of Work, ed. P. D’Antonio, 13–27. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dock, Lavinia L. 1910. Forced feeding of political prisoners. The American Journal of Nursing 10 (8): 593–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1913. The Status of the Nurse in the Working World. In “Proceedings of the sixteenth annual convention of the American Nurses’ Association”. American Journal of Nursing 13 (9): 971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagin, Claire, and Donna Diers. 2000. Nursing as metaphor. In Essays on Nursing Leadership, ed. C. Fagin, 31–34. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flood, Marilyn E. (1981). The Troubling Expedient: General Staff Nursing in United States’ Hospitals in the 1930s. PhD diss., University of California at Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, Marsha D.M. 2016. Heritage ethics: Toward a thicker account of nursing ethics. Nursing Ethics 23 (1): 7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, Marsha D. 2017. Why the history of nursing ethics matters. Nursing Ethics 24 (3): 292–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, Sara. 1989. The role of caring in a theory of nursing ethics. Hypatia. 4 (2): 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, Mary E., and Elizabeth Fee. 2015. Lavinia Dock (1858–1956): Picketing, parading, and protesting. American Journal of Public Health 105 (2): 276–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, Sheridan. (2001). Marching for the vote: Remembering the woman suffrage parade of 1913. Library of Congress, American Memory, American Women. Retrieved from https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ awhhtml/aw01e/aw01e.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • HCC. 1889. The ethics of nursing: Talks of a Superintendent with her graduating class. The Trained Nurse 2 (5): 179–183. The author’s name (Harriet C. Camp) is not given.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, Elizabeth, and Mary Sewell. 1944. Trends in Nursing History. 2nd ed. New York: WB Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melosh, Barbara. 1982. The Physician’s Hand: Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing. Philadelphia: Temple University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollett, Wilhelmina Jane. 1888a. Honour. The Nursing Record 1 (4): 40–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1888b. Purity. The Nursing Record 1 (5): 54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1888c. Courage. The Nursing Record 1 (7): 76–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1888d. Discipline. The Nursing Record 1 (9): 99–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1888e. Culture. The Nursing Record 1 (11): 125–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1888f. Sympathy. The Nursing Record 1 (16): 192–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, Sara E. 1916. Nursing Problems and Obligations. Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, Charles J., Jr. 2013. The journey to Seneca Falls: Mary Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the legal emancipation of women. University of St. Thomas Law Journal 19 (4): 1123–1183. Retrieved from http://ir.st-thomas.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1337&context=ustlj.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reverby, Susan. 1987. Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1950–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robb, Isabel Adams Hampton. 1900. Nursing Ethics: For Hospital and Private Use. New York: E.C. Koeckert.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheahan, Dorothy. (1979). The Social Origins of American Nursing and its Movement into the University: A Microscopic Approach. PhD Diss. New York: New York University.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1980. The Social Origins of American Nursing and its Movement into the University. New York: New York University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, William M., and Lee S. Shulman. 2004. Work and Integrity: The Crisis and Promise of Professionalism in America: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tally, Charlotte. 1925. Ethics: A Text-Book for Nurses. New York: GP Putnam.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marsha D. Fowler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fowler, M.D. (2020). The Influence of the Social Location of Nurses-as-Women on the Early Development of Nursing Ethics. In: Kohlen, H., McCarthy, J. (eds) Nursing Ethics: Feminist Perspectives. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49104-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49104-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49103-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49104-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics