Abstract
The involvement and engagement of people living with dementia in research has been changing over the years, with people with dementia now not only being participants, but being involved as coresearchers. Participatory research raises questions about power, authority, and voice, and these questions infuse all aspects of the research process. Power includes how people with dementia are involved in decision-making and who is on the research team. Authority includes creating safe processes, creating safety, involving people with dementia in data collection, and using creative and arts-based approaches to research. Voice includes involving people with dementia in data analysis, acknowledging contributions, and finding ways for people with more advanced dementia to participate in research. Finally, we conclude with a discussion about how research is a relational endeavor.
References
Alzheimer Society of Canada. (n.d.). Canadian Dementia research priorities: Report of the Canadian Dementia priority setting partnership. Retrieved from https://archive.alzheimer.ca/sites/default/files/2018-01/Dementia%20PSP%20Report%20ENG%20Dec%20Final%20SCREEN_0.pdf
Arnstein, S. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224.
Austin, W. (2015). Addressing ethical issues in participatory research: The primacy of relationships. In G. Higginbottom & P. Liamputtong (Eds.), Participatory qualitative research methodologies in health (pp. 22–39). SAGE: Thousand Oaks.
Barrie K. (2017) Testing Times – Understanding the agency-structure dynamic in the everyday activities of older people with dementia. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
Barrie, K. (2019). Recognition reconsidered: It is about time. In A.-C. Nedlund, R. Bartlett, & C. L. Clarke (Eds.), Everyday citizenship and people with dementia (pp. 13–21). Edinburgh: Dunedin Press.
Bartlett, R. (2012). Modifying the diary interview method to research the lives of people with dementia. Qualitative Health Research, 22(12), 1717–1726.
Bartlett, R. (2014). Citizenship in action: The lived experiences of citizens with dementia who campaign for social change. Disability and Society, 29(8), 1291–1304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.924905.
Bartlett, R. (2015). Visualising dementia activism: Using the arts to communicate research findings. Qualitative Research, 1–14.
Bartlett, R., & Brannelly, T. (2019). On being outdoors: How people with dementia experience and deal with vulnerabilities. Social Science & Medicine, 235, 112336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.041.
Bartlett, R., & O’Connor, D. (2007). From personhood to citizenship: Broadening the lens for dementia practice and research. Journal of Aging Studies, 21, 107–118.
Bartlett, R., & O’Connor, D. (2010). Broadening the dementia debate: Towards social citizenship. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.
Basting, A. (2020). Creative care: A revolutionary approach to dementia and elder care. New York: Harper One.
Bethell, J., Commisso, E., Rostad, H. M., Puts, M., Babineau, J., Grinbergs-Saull, A., Wighton, M. B., Hammel, J., Doyle, E., Nadeau, S., & McGilton, K. S. (2018). Patient engagement in research related to dementia: A scoping review. Dementia, 17(8), 944–975. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218789292.
Borda, O. F. (2001). Participatory (action) research in social theory: Origins and challenges. In P. Reason & H. Bradbury (Eds.), Handbook of action research (pp. 27–37). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Buescher, L., & Grando, V. T. (2009). Challenges in conducting qualitative research with individuals with dementia. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 2(1), 6–11.
Buse, C., & Twigg, J. (2014). Women with dementia and their handbags: Negotiating identity, privacy and ‘home’ through material culture. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.03.002.
Carpiano, R. M. (2009). Come take a walk with me: The “go-along” interview as a novel method for studying the implications of place for health and well-being. Health & Place, 15(1), 263–272.
Carroll, A. M., Vetor, K., Holmes, S., & Supiano, K. P. (2005). Ask the consumer: An innovative approach to dementia-related adult day service evaluation. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 20(5), 290–294.
Cheston, R., Bender, M., & Byatt, S. (2000). Involving people who have dementia in the evaluation of services: A review. Journal of Mental Health, 9(5), 471–479.
Clarke, C. L., & Bailey, C. (2016). Narrative citizenship, resilience and inclusion with dementia: On the inside or on the outside of physical and social places. Dementia, 15(3), 434–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301216639736.
Clarke, C. L., Wilkinson, H., Watson, J., Wilcockson, J., Kinneard, L., & Williamson, T. (2018a). A seat around the table: Participatory data analysis with people living with dementia. Qualitative Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318774768.
Clarke, C. L., Wilcockson, J., Watson, J., Wilkinson, H., Keyes, S., Kinneard, L., & Williamson, T. (2018b). Relational care and co-operative endeavour reshaping – dementia care through participatory secondary data analysis. Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218795353.
Clarke, C. L., Keyes, S., Kinneard, L., Saaramets-Webster, C., Watson, J., Wilcockson, J., Wilkinson, H., & Williamson, T. (2020). Whose research is this? – Participatory secondary data analysis with people living with dementia. SAGE Research Methods Cases. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529707854.
Cook, M. (2018). Using urban woodlands and forests as places for improving the mental well-being of people with dementia. Leisure Sciences, 39(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1595091.
Cowdell, F. (2008). Engaging older people with dementia in research: Myth or possibility. International Journal of Older People Nursing, 3, 29–34.
Cridland, E. K., Phillipson, L., Brennan-Horley, C., & Swaffer, K. (2016). Reflections and recommendations for conducting in-depth interviews with people with dementia. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1774–1786.
Dewing, J. (2008). Process consent and research with older persons living with dementia. Research Ethics, 4(2), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/174701610800400205.
Dupuis, S. L., Gillies, J., Carson, J., Whyte, C., Genoe, R., Loiselle, L., & Sadler, L. (2012). Moving beyond patient and client approaches: Mobilizing ‘authentic partnerships’ in dementia care, support and services. Dementia, 11(4), 427–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301211421063.
Gillard, S., Simons, L., Turner, K., Lucock, M., & Edwards, C. (2012). Patient and public involvement in the coproduction of knowledge: Reflection on the analysis of qualitative data in a mental health study. Qualitative Health Research, 22, 1126–1137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312448541.
Gove, D., Diaz-Ponce, A., Georges, J., Moniz-Cook, E., Mountain, G., Chattat, R., Øksnebjerg, L., & The European Working Group of People with Dementia. (2018). Alzheimer Europe’s position on involving people with dementia in research through PPI (patient and public involvement). Aging & Mental Health, 22(6), 723–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1317334.
Kitwood, T. (1997) Dementia reconsidered: The person comes first. Open University Press, Buckingham.
Kontos, P. C. (2005). Embodied selfhood in Alzheimer’s disease: Rethinking person-centred care. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 4(4), 553–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301205058311.
Liamputtong, P. (2020). Qualitative research methods (5th ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Lorentzon, M., & Bryan, K. (2007). Respect for the person with dementia: Fostering greater user involvement in service planning. Quality in Ageing, 8(1), 23–29.
McKeown, J., Clarke, A., Ingleton, C., & Repper, J. (2010). Actively involving people with dementia in qualitative research. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 1935–1943.
McKillop, J., & Wilkinson, H. (2004). Make it easy on yourself! Advice to researchers from someone with dementia on being interviewed. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 3(2), 117–125.
Mental Health Foundation. (2015). Dementia, rights, and the social model of disability: A new direction for policy and practice? Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/dementia-rights-policy-discussion.pdf
Miller, E., Donoghue, G., & Holland-Batt, S. (2015). “You could scream the place down”: Five poems on the experience of aged care. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(5), 410–417.
Mills, J., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2006). The development of constructivist grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500103.
Mitchell, G. J., Dupuis, S. L., & Kontos, P. (2013). Dementia discourse: From imposed suffering to knowing other-wise. Journal of Applied Hermeneutics, 1–19. http://jah.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/jah/index.php/jah/article/viewFile/41/pdf
Murphy, K., Jordan, F., Hunter, A., Cooney, A., & Casey, D. (2015). Articulating the strategies for maximising the inclusion of people with dementia in qualitative research studies. Dementia, 14(6), 800–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301213512489.
Nedlund A-C., Bartlett R. & Clarke C.L. (eds) (2019) Everyday Citizenship and People with Dementia. Dunedin Press, Edinburgh.
Nierse, C. J., Schipper, K., van Zadelhoff, E., van de Griendt, J., & Abma, T. A. (2012). Collaboration and co-ownership in research: Dynamics and dialogues between patient research partners and professional researchers in a research team. Health Expectation, 15, 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00661.x.
Novek, S., & Wilkinson, H. (2019). Safe and inclusive research practices for qualitative research involving people with dementia: A review of key issues and strategies. Dementia, 18(3), 1042–1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301217701274.
O’Connor, D., Mann, J., & Wiersma, E. (2018). Stigma, discrimination, and agency: Diagnostic disclosure as an everyday practice shaping social citizenship. Journal of Aging Studies, 44, 45–51.
Odzakovic, E., Hellström, I., Ward, R., & Kullberg, A. (2020). ‘Overjoyed that I can go outside’: Using walking interviews to learn about the lived experience and meaning of neighbourhood for people living with dementia. Dementia, 19(7), 2199–2219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218817453.
Oliver, M. (2009). Understanding disability : From theory to practice (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Phillipson, L., & Hammond, A. (2018). More than talking: A scoping review of innovative approaches to qualitative research involveing people with dementia. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17, 1–13.
Phinney, A., Kelson, E., Baumbusch, J., O’Connor, D., & Purves, B. (2016). Walking in the neighbourhood: Performing social citizenship in dementia. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 15(3), 381–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301216638180.
Scottish Dementia Working Group. (2014). Core principles for involving people with dementia in research: Innovative practice. Dementia, 13(5), 680–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301214533255.
Sherratt, C., Soteriou, T., & Evans, S. (2007). Ethical issues in social research involving people with dementia. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 6(4), 463–479.
Stevenson, M., & Taylor, B. J. (2017). Involving individuals with dementia as co-researchers in analysis of findings from a qualitative study. Dementia, 18, 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301217690904.
Swarbrick, C. M., Open Doors, Scottish Dementia Working Group, EDUCATE, Davis, K., & Keady, J. (2019). Visioning change: Co-producing a model of involvement and engagement in research (innovative practice). Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 18(7–8), 3165–3172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301216674559.
Tanner, D. (2012). Co-research with older people with dementia: Experience and reflections. Journal of Mental Health, 21(3), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.651658.
Twigg, J., & Buse, C. E. (2013). Dress, dementia and the embodiment of identity. Dementia, 12(3), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301213476504.
Waite, J., Poland, F., & Charlesworth, G. (2019). Facilitators and barriers to co-research by people with dementia and academic researchers: Findings from a qualitative study. Health Expectations, 22, 761–771. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12891.
West, E., Stuckelberger, A., Pautex, S., Staaks, J., & Gysels, M. (2017). Operationalising ethical challenges in dementia research – A systematic review of current evidence. Age and Ageing, 46, 678–687. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw250.
Wiersma, E. C., O’Connor, D., Loiselle, L., Hickman, K., Heibein, B., Hounam, B., & Mann, J. (2016). Creating space for citizenship: The impact of group structure on validating the voices of people with dementia. Dementia, 15(3), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301216642339.
Wiersma, E. C., Berry, J., Glover, J., & Vogt, C. (2019). Art as the great equalizer: Everyday citizenship and participation in an art program for people with dementia. In A. C. Nedlund, R. Bartlett, & C. Clarke (Eds.), Everyday citizenship and people with dementia. Scotland: Dunedin Press.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank all of the people with dementia and researchers with whom we have had the privilege to work over the years. We acknowledge that we have learned much from these individuals over the years. Elaine Wiersma wishes to thank, in particular, Sherry Dupuis, Brenda Hounam, and Lisa Loiselle for their significant influence.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Wiersma, E.C., Clarke, C.L., Heibein, B. (2021). Power, Authority, and Voice. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Social Inclusion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_27-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48277-0_27-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-48277-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-48277-0
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine