Abstract
Increasing amounts of data, through biometrics, will provide a foundation for gaining a better understanding of how our natural and biological worlds are structured. However, this will also mean increasing challenges relating to privacy and security. This knowledge coupled with ill intent individuals, in an era of rapid urbanization, will lead to ultra-dense areas acting as a magnet for conflicts and acts of terrorism. The advancement in biotechnology will provide means to target specific groups of people in urban areas through non-invasive attacks, leading to dangerous aftermaths. This will be accelerated through the concept of autonomous cities where bioattacks can potentially be performed remotely. This reinforces the need to protect biological data and strengthen policies relating to the development and deployment of biowarfare.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abudayyeh, I., Gordon, B., Ansari, M. M., Jutzy, K., Stoletniy, L., & Hilliard, A. (2018). A practical guide to cardiovascular 3D printing in clinical practice: Overview and examples. Journal of Interventional Cardiology, 31(3), 375–383.
Adesina, O., Anzai, I. A., Avalos, J. L., & Barstow, B. (2017). Embracing biological solutions to the sustainable energy challenge. Chem, 2(1), 20–51.
Aguilera, U., Peña, O., Belmonte, O., & López-de-Ipiña, D. (2017). Citizen-centric data services for smarter cities. Future Generation Computer Systems, 76, 234–247.
Alberti, M. (2014, December 3). Invisible city life: The urban microbiome. Retrieved from https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/12/03/invisible-city-life-the-urban-microbiome/.
Benedictow, O. J. (2006). The black death, 1346–1353: The complete history. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press.
Berger, B., & Cho, H. (2019). Emerging technologies towards enhancing privacy in genomic data sharing. Genome Biology, 20(1), 128.
Brodwin, E. (2018, August 3). DNA-testing companies like 23andMe sell your genetic data to drugmakers and other Silicon Valley startups. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/dna-testing-ancestry-23andme-share-data-companies-2018-8?IR=T.
Brooks, J., Erickson, T. B., Kayden, S., Ruiz, R., Wilkinson, S., & Burkle, F. M. (2018). Responding to chemical weapons violations in Syria: Legal, health, and humanitarian recommendations. Conflict and Health, 12(1), 12.
Chung, M., Fortunato, G., & Radacsi, N. (2019). Wearable flexible sweat sensors for healthcare monitoring: A review. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 16(159), 20190217.
Church, G. M., & Regis, E. (2014). Regenesis: How synthetic biology will reinvent nature and ourselves. New York: Basic Books.
Coats, D. R. (2019). Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community. Retrieved from Washington, DC: https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/2019-ATA-SFR—SSCI.pdf.
Ducharme, J. (2018, July 26). A major drug company now has access to 23andMe’s genetic data. Should you be concerned? Retrieved from https://time.com/5349896/23andme-glaxo-smith-kline/.
Duffin, E. (2019, May 17). Countries with the highest military spending in 2018.
Florio, M. (2015, July 9). Hospital will investigate leak of Pierre-Paul’s medical records. Retrieved from https://nypost.com/2019/09/25/jason-pierre-pauls-nfl-future-unclear-with-sad-new-deal/.
Geim, A. K., Dubonos, S. V., Grigorieva, I. V., Novoselov, K. S., Zhukov, A. A., & Shapoval, S. Y. (2003). Microfabricated adhesive mimicking gecko foot-hair. Nature Materials, 2(7), 461–463.
Gera, P., Gupta, A., Verma, P., Singh, J., & Gupta, J. (2017). Recent advances in vaccine development against Ebola threat as bioweapon. Virusdisease, 28(3), 242–246.
Gerstein, D., & Giordano, J. (2017). Rethinking the biological and toxin weapons convention? Health Security, 15(6), 638–641.
Grattieri, M., & Minteer, S. D. (2018). Self-powered biosensors. ACS Sensors, 3(1), 44–53.
Gronlund, K. (2018, October 12). Genome editing and the future of biowarfare: A conversation with Dr. Piers Millett. Retrieved from https://futureoflife.org/2018/10/12/genome-editing-and-the-future-of-biowarfare-a-conversation-with-dr-piers-millett/?cn-reloaded=1.
GSK. (2018, July 25). GSK and 23andMe sign agreement to leverage genetic insights for the development of novel medicines. Retrieved from https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/gsk-and-23andme-sign-agreement-to-leverage-genetic-insights-for-the-development-of-novel-medicines/.
Guo, W. (2019). Common statistical patterns in urban terrorism. Royal Society Open Science, 6(9), 190645.
Harmanci, A., & Gerstein, M. (2018). Analysis of sensitive information leakage in functional genomics signal profiles through genomic deletions. Nature Communications, 9(1), 2453.
Hauptmann, V., Weichert, N., Rakhimova, M., & Conrad, U. (2013). Spider silks from plants—A challenge to create native-sized spidroins. Biotechnology Journal, 8(10), 1183–1192.
He, P., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., Li, B., Gou, Z., Gou, M., et al. (2018). Bioprinting of skin constructs for wound healing. Burns & Trauma, 6(1), 5.
Hendricks-Sturrup, R. M., & Lu, C. Y. (2019). Direct-to-consumer genetic testing data privacy: Key concerns and recommendations based on consumer perspectives. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 9(2), 25.
Hill, K., & Murphy, H. (2019, November 5). Your DNA profile is private? A Florida judge just said otherwise. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/05/business/dna-database-search-warrant.html.
Kimball, D. (2018, September). The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): At a glance. Retrieved from https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/bwc.
King, G. M. (2014). Urban microbiomes and urban ecology: How do microbes in the built environment affect human sustainability in cities? Journal of Microbiology, 52(9), 721–728.
Knobler, S. L., Mahmoud, A. A. F., & Pray, L. A. (2002). Biological threats and terrorism: Assessing the science and response capabilities: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Ling, F. (2017). Microbial communities as biosensors for monitoring urban environments. Microbial Biotechnology, 10(5), 1149–1151.
Lippert, C., Sabatini, R., Maher, M. C., Kang, E. Y., Lee, S., Arikan, O., … Venter, J. C. (2017). Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome sequencing data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(38), 10166.
Lorenz, A., Raven, M., & Blind, K. (2019). The role of standardization at the interface of product and process development in biotechnology. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(4), 1097–1133.
Mims, C. (2010, July 6). A step closer to perfect 3-D data storage. Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/419703/a-step-closer-to-perfect-3-d-data-storage/.
Montpetit, É. (2008). Policy design for legitimacy: Expert knowledge, citizens, time and inclusion in the United Kingdom’s biotechnology sector. Public Administration, 86(1), 259–277.
Nisse, J. (2019, September 25). Jason Pierre-Paul’s NFL future unclear with sad new deal. Retrieved from https://nypost.com/2019/09/25/jason-pierre-pauls-nfl-future-unclear-with-sad-new-deal/.
NTI. (2015, December 30). The biological threat: Germs don’t respect borders, so biological threats—Manmade and naturally Occurring—Can quickly have global impacts. Retrieved from https://www.nti.org/learn/biological/.
Photius. (2019). Budget—Expenditures 2019 country ranking. Retrieved from https://photius.com/rankings/2019/economy/budget_expenditures_2019_0.html.
Pieters, W. (2011). Explanation and trust: What to tell the user in security and AI? Ethics and Information Technology, 13(1), 53–64.
Purtova, N. (2018). The law of everything: Broad concept of personal data and future of EU data protection law. Law, Innovation and Technology, 10(1), 40–81.
Rosenbaum, E. (2018, June 16). 5 biggest risks of sharing your DNA with consumer genetic-testing companies. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/16/5-biggest-risks-of-sharing-dna-with-consumer-genetic-testing-companies.html.
Rössler, B. (2004). The value of privacy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Shabani, M., & Borry, P. (2018). Rules for processing genetic data for research purposes in view of the new EU General Data Protection Regulation. European Journal of Human Genetics, 26(2), 149–156.
Shwartz, M. (2001). Biological warfare: An emerging threat in the 21st century. News Service, 650, 723–796.
Somov, A., Gotovtsev, P., Dyakov, A., Alenicheva, A., Plehanova, Y., Tarasov, S., & Reshetilov, A. (2018). Bacteria to power the smart sensor applications: Biofuel cell for low-power IoT devices (pp. 802–806). 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Singapore.
UN. (2019). 1925 Geneva Protocol. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/bio/1925-geneva-protocol/.
van Aken, J., & Hammond, E. (2003). Genetic engineering and biological weapons: New technologies, desires and threats from biological research. EMBO Reports, 4 Spec No (Suppl. 1), S57–S60.
van den Hoven, J., Blaauw, M., Pieters, W., & Warnier, M. (2019). Privacy and information technology. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Vol. Winter 2019 Ed.). Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/it-privacy/.
Vukicevic, M., Mosadegh, B., Min, J. K., & Little, S. H. (2017). Cardiac 3D printing and its future directions. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 10(2), 171–184.
Wade, N. (2005, January 12). A DNA success raises bioterror concern. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/12/us/nationalspecial3/a-dna-success-raises-bioterror-concern.html.
Williams, M. (2017, May 25). The lucrative rise of DNA testing: ‘We created the market for what we do’. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2017/may/25/dna-testing-we-created-the-market-for-what-we-do-living-dna-dnafit-geneu.
Williams, M., & Sizemore, D. C. (2019). Biologic, chemical, and radiation terrorism review. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing.
Wise, C., Pawlyn, M., & Braungart, M. (2013). Eco-engineering: Living in a materials world. Nature, 494, 172.
Zhao, J., Wen, X., Xu, H., Wen, Y., Lu, H., & Meng, X. (2019). Salting-out and salting-in of protein: A novel approach toward fabrication of hierarchical porous carbon for energy storage application. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 788, 397–406.
Zhu, C., Miller, M., Lusskin, N., Mahlich, Y., Wang, Y., Zeng, Z., & Bromberg, Y. (2019). Fingerprinting cities: Differentiating subway microbiome functionality. Biol Direct, 14(1), 19.
Zoonen, L. V. (2016). Privacy concerns in smart cities. Government Information Quarterly, 33, 472–480.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Allam, Z. (2020). Biometrics, Privacy, Safety, and Resilience in Future Cities. In: Biotechnology and Future Cities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43815-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43815-9_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43814-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43815-9
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)