Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Psychological Aspects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome pp 63–93Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Anxiety and Other Psychological Issues in PCOS

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 600 Accesses

Abstract

Anxiety is usually seen as less important than depression in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but this chapter shows that the secondary status of anxiety is misplaced. Firstly, anxiety is probably a more clinically significant issue than depression in PCOS. Secondly, the causes of anxiety are probably more complex than they are for depression in PCOS, involving a greater number of psychobiological pathways. Thirdly, there is the interesting question of how much anxiety and stress can be a cause as well as a product of PCOS. This chapter also examines the impact of PCOS on quality of life (QoL), and describes some of the new and lesser-researched psychological issues that might be associated with PCOS, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott, D. H., Dumesic, D. A., & Levine, J. E. (2019). Hyperandrogenic origins of polycystic ovary syndrome–implications for pathophysiology and therapy. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 14(2), 131–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Açmaz, G., Albayrak, E., Acmaz, B., Başer, M., Soyak, M., Zararsız, G., & İpekMüderris, İ. (2013). Level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, social anxiety, and quality of life among the women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alur-Gupta, S., Lee, I., Chemerinski, A., Chang, L., & Dokras, A. (2019). OR25-2. Racial differences in anxiety, depression, and quality of life between white and black women with PCOS and controls. Endo2019 abstracts. Retrieved from https://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/5752/presentation/17064.

  • Álvarez-Blasco, F., Luque-Ramírez, M., & Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2010). Obesity impairs general health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in premenopausal women to a greater extent than polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clinical Endocrinology, 73(5), 595–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Balikci, A., Erdem, M., KESKIN, U., Zincir, S. B., Guelsuen, M., Oezcelik, F., … Erguen, A. (2014). Depression, anxiety, and anger in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 51(4), 328.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, L., Ferriday, D., Guenther, N., Strauss, B., Balen, A. H., & Dye, L. (2007). Quality of life and psychological well being in polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 22, 2279–2286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, J. A., Hardiman, P. J., Saxby, B. K., & Kuczmierczyk, A. (2011a). Testosterone and mood dysfunction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome compared to subfertile controls. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 32(2), 104–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, J. A., Kuczmierczyk, A. R., & Hardiman, P. J. (2011b). Anxiety and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction, 26(9), 2442–2451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, J. A., Parekh, H. S. K., & Hardiman, P. J. (2013). Visual-spatial cognition in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: The role of androgens. Human Reproduction, 28(10), 2832–2837.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, J. A., Qu, F., & Hardiman, P. J. (2018). An exploration of the hypothesis that testosterone is implicated in the psychological functioning of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Medical Hypotheses, 110, 42–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, J. H., Catalan, J., Cherry, C. A., & Day, A. (1993). Psychological morbidity in women referred for treatment of hirsutism. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, 615–619.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basirat, Z., Faramarzi, M., Esmaelzadeh, S., Mahouti, T., & Geraili, Z. (2018). Stress, depression, sexual function, and alexithymia in infertile females with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility, 13(3), 203–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazarganipour, F., Ziaei, S., Montazeri, A., Foroozanfard, F., Kazemnejad, A., & Faghihzadeh, S. (2013). Body image satisfaction and self-esteem status among the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 11(10), 829.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, S., Arck, P. C., Tan, S., Hahn, S., Mann, K., Rifaie, N., … Elsenbruch, S. (2009). Disturbed stress responses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(5), 727–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berni, T. R., Morgan, C. L., Berni, E. R., & Rees, D. A. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with adverse mental health and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 103(6), 2116–2125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. J. (1991). Culture and the evolution of obesity. Human Nature, 2, 31–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burger, H. G. (2002). Androgen production in women. Fertility and Sterility, 77, S3–S5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carranza-Lira, S., Velasco Díaz, G., Olivares, A., Chán Verdugo, R., & Herrera, J. (2006). Correlation of Kupperman’s index with estrogen and androgen levels, according to weight and body fat distribution in postmenopausal women from Mexico City. International Journal of Fertility and Women’s Medicine, 51, 83–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesta, C. E., Kuja-Halkola, R., Lehto, K., Iliadou, A. N., & Landén, M. (2017). Polycystic ovary syndrome, personality, and depression: A twin study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 85, 63–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesta, C. E., Månsson, M., Palm, C., Lichtenstein, P., Iliadou, A. N., & Landén, M. (2016). Polycystic ovary syndrome and psychiatric disorders: Co-morbidity and heritability in a nationwide Swedish cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 73, 196–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, W. J., Lipton, M., Elford, J., Rustin, M., & Sherr, L. (2005). A randomized controlled trial of laser treatment among hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The British Journal of Dermatology, 152, 986–992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey, S., Bano, G., & Mason, H. D. (2006). Health-related quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A comparison with the general population using the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Questionnaire (PCOSQ) and the Short Form-36 (SF-36). Gynecological Endocrinology, 22, 80–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, L. G., Lee, I., Sammel, M. D., & Dokras, A. (2017). High prevalence of moderate and severe depressive and anxiety symptoms in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction, 32(5), 1075–1091.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, L., Guyatt, G., Griffith, L., Wong, E., Azziz, R., Futterweit, W., … Dunaif, A. (1998). Development of a health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (PCOSQ) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 83(6), 1976–1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Niet, J. E., De Koning, C. M., Pastoor, H., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Valkenburg, O., Ramakers, M. J., … Laven, J. S. E. (2010). Psychological well-being and sexarche in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 25(6), 1497–1503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deeks, A. A., Gibson-Helm, M. E., Paul, E., & Teede, H. J. (2011). Is having polycystic ovary syndrome a predictor of poor psychological function including anxiety and depression? Human Reproduction, 26(6), 1399–1407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggers, S., & Kirchengast, S. (2001). The polycystic ovary syndrome—A medical condition but also an important psychosocial problem. Collegium Antropologicum, 25, 673–685.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elsenbruch, S., Benson, S., Hahn, S., Tan, S., Mann, K., Pleger, K., … Janssen, O. E. (2006). Determinants of emotional distress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 21, 1092–1099.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elsenbruch, S., Hahn, S., Kowalsky, D., Offner, A. H., Schedlowski, M., Mann, K., & Janssen, O. E. (2003). Quality of life, psychosocial well-being, and sexual satisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 5801–5807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emeksiz, H. C., Bideci, A., Nalbantoğlu, B., Nalbantoğlu, A., Celik, C., Yulaf, Y., … Cinaz, P. (2018). Anxiety and depression states of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 48(3), 531–536.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1987). Personality and individual differences. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faith, M. S., Flint, J., Fairburn, C. G., Goodwin, G. M., & Allison, D. B. (2001). Gender differences in the relationship between personality dimensions and relative body weight. Obesity Research, 9, 647–650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, K., & Antoni, M. H. (2010). Insulin resistance, obesity, inflammation, and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: Biobehavioral mechanisms and interventions. Fertility and Sterility, 94(5), 1565–1574.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, R. C., Moore, V. M., Van Ryswyk, E. M., Varcoe, T. J., Rodgers, R. J., March, W. A., … Davies, M. J. (2018). Sleep disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Prevalence, pathophysiology, impact and management strategies. Nature and Science of Sleep, 10, 45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fogel, R. B., Malhotra, A., Pillar, G., Pittman, S. D., Dunaif, A., & White, D. P. (2001). Increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86(3), 1175–1180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franik, G., Krysta, K., Madej, P., Gimlewicz-Pięta, B., Oślizło, B., Trukawka, J., & Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M. (2016). Sleep disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology, 32(12), 1014–1017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallinelli, A., Matteo, M. L., Volpe, A., & Facchinetti, F. (2000). Autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to stress in patients with functional hypothalamic secondary amenorrhea. Fertility and Sterility, 73(4), 812–816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghazeeri, G., Fakih, A., Abbas, H. A., Harajly, S., & Awwad, J. (2013). Anxiety, cognitive, and depressive assessment in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 26(5), 269–273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goyal, M., & Dawood, A. S. (2017). Debates regarding lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A narrative review. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 10(3), 154.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, E. A., Pasch, L. A., Cedars, M. I., Legro, R. S., Huddleston, H. G., & Network, H. D. R. M., & Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health. (2018). Association among depression, symptom experience, and quality of life in polycystic ovary syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 219(3), 279–e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greiner, M., Paredes, A., Araya, V., & Lara, H. E. (2005). Role of stress and sympathetic innervation in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine, 28(3), 319–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt, G., Weaver, B., Cronin, L., Dooley, J. A., & Azziz, R. (2004). Health related quality of life in PCOS. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 57, 1279–1287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, S., Benson, S., Elsenbruch, S., Pleger, K., Tan, S., Mann, K., … Janssen, O. E. (2006). Metformin treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome improves health-related quality-of-life, emotional distress and sexuality. Human Reproduction, 21, 1925–1934.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hettema, J. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2004). Genetic and environmental sources of covariation between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(9), 1581–1587.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himelein, M. J., & Thatcher, S. S. (2006a). Depression and body image among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Health Psychology, 11(4), 613–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himelein, M. J., & Thatcher, S. S. (2006b). Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental health: A review. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 61(11), 723–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, J. H., Hu, L. Y., Tsai, S. J., Yang, A. C., Huang, M. W., Chen, P. M., … Shen, C. C. (2014). Risk of psychiatric disorders following polycystic ovary syndrome: A nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One, 9(5), e97041.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ingudomnukul, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Knickmeyer, R. (2007). Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in women with autism spectrum conditions. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 597–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. L., Benes, K., Clark, T. L., Denham, R., Holder, M. G., Haynes, T. J., … Balen, A. (2004). The polycystic ovary syndrome health-related quality of life questionnaire (PCOSQ): A validation. Human Reproduction, 19(2), 371–377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. L., Hall, J. M., Balen, A. H., & Ledger, W. L. (2007). Health-related quality of life measurement in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 14(1), 15–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahal, H., Kyrou, I., Tahrani, A. A., & Randeva, H. S. (2017). Obstructive sleep apnoea and polycystic ovary syndrome: A comprehensive review of clinical interactions and underlying pathophysiology. Clinical Endocrinology, 87(4), 313–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karimah, P., & Hestiantoro, A. (2016). The cut off of Ferriman Gallwey Score for PCOS in Asia and the degree of hyperandrogenism indicator. KnE Medicine, 186–192. https://doi.org/10.18502/kme.v1i1.640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, S., Maesawa, C., Nakamura, K., Nakayama, K., Morita, M., Hiruma, Y., … Masuda, T. (2011). Predisposition for borderline personality disorder with comorbid major depression is associated with that for polycystic ovary syndrome in female Japanese population. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 655.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Keegan, A., Liao, L. M., & Boyle, M. (2003). ‘Hirsutism’: A psychological analysis. Journal of Health Psychology, 8(3), 327–345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C., & Willmott, J. (2002). The thief of womanhood’: Women’s experience of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Social Science & Medicine, 54, 349–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klipstein, K. G., & Goldberg, J. F. (2006). Screening for bipolar disorder in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Affective Disorders, 91(2–3), 205–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolotkin, R. L., Meter, K., & Williams, G. R. (2001). Quality of life and obesity. Obesity Reviews, 2, 219–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumarapeli, V., Seneviratne, R. D. A., Wijeyaratne, C. N., Yapa, R. M. S. C., & Dodampahala, S. H. (2008). A simple screening approach for assessing community prevalence and phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome in a semiurban population in Sri Lanka. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(3), 321–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Legro, R. S., Schlaff, W. D., Diamond, M. P., Coutifaris, C., Casson, P. R., Brzyski, R. G., … Ohl, D. (2010). Total testosterone assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Precision and correlation with hirsutism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(12), 5305–5313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, T. Y., Lin, P. Y., Su, T. P., Li, C. T., Lin, W. C., Chang, W. H., … Chen, M. H. (2017). Risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A nationwide longitudinal follow-up study. Sleep Medicine, 36, 165–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, M. G., Sherr, L., Elford, J., Rustin, M. H., & Clayton, W. J. (2006). Women living with facial hair: The psychological and behavioral burden. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 161–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mącik, D. (2016). Loss of attributes of femininity, anxiety and value crisis. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to women after mastectomy and in menopause. Health Psychology Report, 4(2), 159–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manlove, H. A., Guillermo, C., & Gray, P. B. (2008). Do women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) report differences in sex-typed behavior as children and adolescents?: Results of a pilot study. Annals of Human Biology, 35, 584–595.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Månsson, M., Holte, J., Landin-Wilhelmsen, K., Dahlgren, E., Johansson, A., & Landén, M. (2008). Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are often depressed or anxious—A case control study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 1132–1138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo Clinic. (2019). Personality disorders. Retrieved May 7, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/personality-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354463.

  • McCook, J. G. (2002). The influence of hyperandrogenism, obesity and infertility on the psychosocial health and well-being of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCook, J. G., Reame, N. E., & Thatcher, S. S. (2005). Health-related quality of life issues in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 34, 12–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modell, E., Goldstein, D., & Reyes, F. I. (1990). Endocrine and behavioral responses to psychological stress in hyperandrogenic women. Fertility and Sterility, 53(3), 454–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moghadam, Z. B., Fereidooni, B., Saffari, M., & Montazeri, A. (2018). Measures of health-related quality of life in PCOS women: A systematic review. International Journal of Women’s Health, 10, 397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monzani, F., Pucci, F., Caraccio, N., Bagnolesi, A., Molli, D., Fenu, A., & Prunetti, C. (1994). Psychological and psychopathological correlates in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Medicina−Psicosomatica, 39, 225–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, L. J., March, W. A., Whitrow, M. J., Giles, L. C., Davies, M. J., & Moore, V. M. (2015). Sleep disturbances in a community-based sample of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Human Reproduction, 30(2), 466–472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, M. (2016, April 19). PCOS: Causes, symptoms and treatment for PCOS. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/pcos-causes-symptoms-and-treatment_uk_570e7347e4b01711c612daaa?ncid=engmodushpmg00000004&guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly90LmNvL0FXd2NtOXhhaWs&guce_referrer_cs=RNBbOvg7nX04gTsRS6AoSw.

  • Nelson-DeGrave, V. L., Wickenheisser, J. K., Cockrell, J. E., Wood, J. R., Legro, R. S., Strauss, J. F., & McAllister, J. M. (2004). Valproate potentiates androgen biosynthesis in human ovarian theca cells. Endocrinology, 145, 799–808.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palomba, S., Giallauria, F., Falbo, A., Russo, T., Oppedisano, R., Tolino, A., … Orio, F. (2007). Structured exercise training programme versus hypocaloric hyperproteic diet in obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients with anovulatory infertility: A 24-week pilot study. Human Reproduction, 23(3), 642–650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pastore, L. M., Patrie, J. T., Morris, W. L., Dalal, P., & Bray, M. J. (2011). Depression symptoms and body dissatisfaction association among polycystic ovary syndrome women. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(4), 270–276.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pervin, L. A. (1994). A critical analysis of current trait theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5(2), 103–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfister, G., & Rømer, K. (2017). “It’s not very feminine to have a mustache”: Experiences of Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Health Care for Women International, 38(2), 167–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasgon, N. L., Altshuler, L. L., Fairbanks, L., Elman, S., Bitran, J., Labarca, R., … Suppes, T. (2005). Reproductive function and risk for PCOS in women treated for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 246–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiche, E. M. V., Nunes, S. O. V., & Morimoto, H. K. (2004). Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. The Lancet Oncology, 5(10), 617–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sahingöz, M., Uguz, F., Gezginc, K., & Korucu, D. G. (2013). Axis I and Axis II diagnoses in women with PCOS. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35(5), 508–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scaruffi, E., Gambineri, A., Cattaneo, S., Turra, J., Vettor, R., & Mioni, R. (2014). Personality and psychiatric disorders in women affected by polycystic ovary syndrome. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5, 185.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shipley, B. A., Weiss, A., Der, G., Taylor, M. D., & Deary, I. J. (2007). Neuroticism, extraversion, and mortality in the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey: A 21-year prospective cohort study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 923–931.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonino, N., Fava, G. A., Mani, E., Belluardo, P., & Boscaro, M. (1993). Quality of life of hirsute women. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 69, 186–189.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., & Marsh, B. J. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (pp. 993–1021). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stellman, S. D., Takezaki, T., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Citron, M. L., Djordjevic, M. V., … Ogawa, H. (2001). Smoking and lung cancer risk in American and Japanese men: An international case-control study. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 10(11), 1193–1199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suri, J., Suri, J. C., Chatterjee, B., Mittal, P., & Adhikari, T. (2016). Obesity may be the common pathway for sleep-disordered breathing in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Sleep Medicine, 23, 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tasali, E., Van Cauter, E., & Ehrmann, D. A. (2006). Relationships between sleep disordered breathing and glucose metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(1), 36–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tasali, E., Van Cauter, E., Hoffman, L., & Ehrmann, D. A. (2008). Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93(10), 3878–3884.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trent, M. E., Rich, M., Austin, S. B., & Gordon, C. M. (2002). Quality of life in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(6), 556–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trent, M., Austin, S. B., Rich, M., & Gordon, C. M. (2005). Overweight status of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: Body mass index as mediator of quality of life. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 5, 107–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaak, C. M., Smeenk, J. M., van Minnen, A., Kremer, J. A., & Kraaimaat, F. W. (2005). A longitudinal, prospective study on emotional adjustment before, during and after consecutive fertility treatment cycles. Human Reproduction, 20, 2253–2260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wake, D. J., Strand, M., Rask, E., Westerbacka, J., Livingstone, D. E., Soderberg, S., … Walker, B. R. (2007). Intra-adipose sex steroid metabolism and body fat distribution in idiopathic human obesity. Clinical Endocrinology, 66, 440–446.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Wijngaarden-Cremers, P. (2019). Autism in boys and girls, women and men throughout the lifespan. In J. A. Barry, R. Kingerlee, M. J. Seager, & L. Sullivan (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware, J. E., Jr., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S., Sheffield, D., & Knibb, R. C. (2018). The polycystic ovary syndrome quality of life scale (PCOSQOL): Development and preliminary validation. Health Psychology Open, 5(2), 2055102918788195.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, J., Bi, Q., Shang, W., Yan, M., Yang, Y., Miao, D., & Zhang, H. (2012). Positive and negative relationship between anxiety and depression of patients in pain: A bifactor model analysis. PLoS One, 7(10), e47577.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, E. Y., Lee, D. K., & Yang, J. H. (2018). Environmental endocrine disruptors and neurological disorders. Journal of the Korean Neurological Association, 36(3), 139–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University College London, London, UK

    John A. Barry

Authors
  1. John A. Barry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John A. Barry .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Barry, J.A. (2019). Anxiety and Other Psychological Issues in PCOS. In: Psychological Aspects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30290-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation