Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Feeding in Aquatic Mammals: An Evolutionary and Functional Approach

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Feeding in Vertebrates

Part of the book series: Fascinating Life Sciences ((FLS))

Abstract

The evolutionary history of aquatic mammals reveals numerous evolutionary experiments in feeding phenotypes and performance in response to changing environmental conditions. In many respects, aquatic mammals have departed from using ancestral terrestrial feeding mechanisms and adopted novel ways of feeding that are influenced by both phylogeny and ecology. Here we highlight feeding strategies as diverse as aquatic herbivory, raptorial biting, and suction to filter feeding, each of which has evolved in numerous mammalian lineages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adam PJ, Berta A (2002) Evolution of prey capture strategies and diet in the Pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia, Carnivora). Oryctos 4:83–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Amson E, de Muizon C, Laurin M, Argot C, de Buffrénil V (2014) Gradual adaptation of bone structure to aquatic lifestyle in extinct sloths from Peru. Proceed R Soc B: 281:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0192

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlgren J (1966) Mechanism of mastication. Acta Odontol Scandin 24(supplement 44):100–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Altenbach JS (1989) Prey capture by the fishing bats Noctilio leporinus and Myotis vivesi. J Mamm 70:421–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson PK, Birtles A (1978) Behaviour and ecology of the dugong, Dugong dugon (Sirenia): Observations in Shoalwater and Cleveland Bays, Queensland. Austral Wildl Res 5:1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Armfield BA, Zheng Z, Bajpai S, Vinyard C, Thewissen JGM (2013) Development and evolution of the unique cetacean dentition. PeerJ 1:e24 https://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.24

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bajpai S, Gingerich PD (1998) A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. PNAS 95:15464–15468

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes LG (1989) A new enaliarctine pinniped from the Astoria Formation, Oregon, and a classification of the Otariidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Nat Hist Mus LA Cnty Contr Sci 403:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes LG, Raschke RE (1991) Gomphotaria pugnax, a new genus and species of Late Miocene Dusignathine Otariid Pinniped (Mammalia: Carnivora) from California. Nat Hist Mus LA Cnty Contr Sci 426:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes LG, Ray CE, Koretsky IA. (2006) A new Pliocene sea lion Proterozetes ulysses (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Oregon, USA. In: Csiki Z (ed) Mesozoic and Cenozoic vertebrates and paleoenvironments: tributes to the career of Prof Dan Grigorescu. Ars Docendi, Bucharest, pp 57–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Beatty BL (2009) New material of Cornwallius sookensis (Mammalia: Desmostylia) from the Yaquina Formation of Oregon. J Vert Paleont 29:894–909

    Google Scholar 

  • Benstead JP, Barnes KH, Pringle CM (2001) Diet, activity patterns, foraging movement and responses to deforestation of the aquatic tenrec Limnogale mergulus (Lipotyphla: Tenrecidae) in eastern Madagascar. J Zool (Lond) 254:119–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A (1991) New Enaliarctos* (Pinnipedimorpha) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Oregon and the role of ‘‘Enaliarctids’’ in pinniped phylogeny. Smiths Contr Paleobiol 69:1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A (1994) New specimens of the pinnipediform pteronarctos from the miocene of oregon. Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 78:1–30. Berta A. 1991. New Enaliarctos (Pinnipedimorpha) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Oregon and the role of ‘‘enaliarctids’’ in pinniped phylogeny. Smiths Contrib Paleobiol 69:1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Churchill M (2012) Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description. Mamm Rev 42:207–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Deméré TA (1986) Callorhinus gilmorei n. p., (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the San Diego Formation (Blancan) and its implications for otariid phylogeny. Trans San Diego Soc Nat Hist 21:111–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Morgan GS (1985) A new sea otter (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the late Miocene and early Pliocene (Hemphilian) of North America. J Paleontol 59:809–919

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Ray CE, Wyss AR (1989) Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped, Enaliarctos mealsi. Science 244:60–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Sumich JL, Kovacs KM (2015) Marine mammals: evolutionary biology, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Berta A, Wyss AR (1994) Pinniped Phylogeny. In: Berta A, Deméré TA (eds) Contributions in marine mammal paleontology honoring frank C Whitmore, Jr: proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, pp 33–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Best RC (1981) Foods and feeding habits of wild and captive Sirenia. Mamm Rev 11:3–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1981.tb00243.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianucci G (2005) Arimidelphis sorbinii: a new small killer whale-like dolphin from the Pliocene of Marecchia River (Central Eastern Italy) and a phylogenetic analysis of the Orcininae (Cetacea: Odontoceti). Riv Ital Paleontol Stratigrafia 111:329–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloedel P (1955) Hunting methods of fish-eating bats, particularly Noctilio leporinus. J Mamm 36:390–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloodworth B, Marshall CD (2005) Feeding kinematics of Kogia and Tursiops (Odontoceti: Cetacea): characterization of suction and ram feeding. J Exp Biol 208:3721–3730

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloodworth B, Marshall CD (2007) A functional comparison of the hyolingual complex in pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia breviceps & K. sima), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Anat 211:78–91

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boessenecker RW (2011) New records of the fur seal Callorhinus (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene Rio Dell Formation of Northern California and comments on otariid dental evolution. J Vert Paleon 31:454–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Boessenecker RW (2016) A middle pleistocene sea otter from Northern California and the antiquity of enhydra in the pacific basin. J Mamm Evol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-016-9373-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Boessenecker RW, Churchill M (2013) A Reevaluation of the morphology, paleoecology, and phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic walrus Pelagiarctos. PLoS ONE 1:e54311

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonner WN (1968) The fur seal of South Georgia. B Ant Surv Sc Rep 56:1–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen WD, Tully D, Bones DJ, Bulheier BM, Marshall GJ (2002) Prey dependent foraging tactics and prey profitability in a marine mammal. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 244:235–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Bown TM, Kraus MJ (1979) Origin of the tribosphenic molar and metatherian and eutherian dental formulae. In: Lillegraven JA, Kielan-Jaworowska Z, Clemens WA (eds) Mesozoic mammals. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 172–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns JJ (2009) Harbor and spotted seal. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 533–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Catania KC, Hare JF, Campbell KL (2008) Water shrews detect movement, shape, and smell to find prey underwater. PNAS 105:571–576

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chai H, Lee JJW, Constantino PJ, Lucas PW, Lawn BR (2009) Remarkable resilience of teeth. PNAS 106:7289–7293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902466106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill M, Boessenecker RW, Clementz M (2014) Colonization of the southern hemisphere by fur seals and sea lions (Carnivora: Otariidae) revealed by combined evidence phylogenetic and Bayesian biogeographical analysis. Zool J Linn Soc 172:200–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill M, Clementz M (2015) Functional implications of variation in tooth spacing and crown size in pinnipedimorpha (Mammalia: Carnivora). Anat Rec 298:878–902

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill M, Martinez-Caceres M, de Muizon C, Mnieckowski J, Geisler JH (2016) The origin of high-frequency hearing in whales. Curr Biol 26:2144–2149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clementz MT, Hoppe KA, Koch PL (2003) A paleoecological paradox: the habit and dietary preferences of the extinct tethythere Desmostylus, inferred from stable isotope analysis. Paleobiol 29:506–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Clementz MT, Goswami A, Gingerich PD, Koch PL (2006) Isotopic records from early whales and sea cows: contrasting patterns of ecological transition. J Vert Paleontol 26:355–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Clementz MT, Sorbi S, Domning DP (2009) Evidence of Cenozoic environmental and ecological change from stable isotope analysis of sirenian remains from the Tethys-Mediterranean region. GEOL 37:307–310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crompton AW (1971) The origin of the tribosphenic molar. Kermack DM, Kermack KA (eds) Earlv mammals. Academic Press, London and New York, pp 65–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton AW, Hiiemae K (1970) Molar occlusion and mandibular movements during occlusion in the American opossum didelphis-marsupialis. Zool J Linn Soc 49:21–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Deban SM, Wake, DB (2000) Aquatic feeding in salamanders. In: Schwenk (ed) Feeding. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 65–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Deméré TA (1994a) The family Odobenidae: a phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil forms. In: Berta A, Deméré TA (eds) Contributions in marine mammal paleontology honoring Frank C Whitmore, Jr: proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, pp 99–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Deméré TA (1994b) Two new species of fossil walruses (Pinnipedia: Odobenidae) from the Upper Pliocene San Diego formation, California. In: Berta A, Deméré TA (eds) Contributions in marine mammal paleontology honoring Frank C Whitmore, Jr: proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, pp 77–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Deméré TA, Berta A (2005) New skeletal material of Thalassoleon (Otariidae: Pinnipedia) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene (Hemphillian) of California. Bull Fl Mus Nat Hist 45:379

    Google Scholar 

  • Deméré TA, Berta A (2008) Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Aetiocetus weltoni (Mammalia: Cetacea): implications for mysticete evolution and functional anatomy. Zool J Linn Soc 154:308–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Deméré TA, McGowen MR, Berta A, Gately J (2008) Morphological and molecular evidence for a stepwise evolutionary transition from teeth to baleen in mysticete whales. Syst Biol 57:15–37

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diedrich CG (2008) The food of the Miosiren Anomotherium langenwieschei (Siegfried)—indirect proof of seaweed or seagrass by xenomorphic oyster fixation structures in the Upper Oligocene (Neogene) of the Doberg, Bünde (NW Germany) and comparisons to modern Dugong dugon (Müller) feeding strategies. Senckenbergiana Marit 38:59–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP (1978a) Sirenian evolution in the north Pacific Ocean. Univ Calif Publ Geol Sci 118:1–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP (1978b) The myology of the Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis (Natterer) (Mammalia: Sirenia). Acta Amaz 8(Suppl. 1):1–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP (1980) Feeding position preference in manatees (Trichechus). J Mamm 61:544–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP (1982) Evolution of manatees: a speculative history. J Paleon 56:599–619

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP (2001a) Evolution of the sirenia and desmostylia. In: Mazin M, de Buffrenil V (eds) Secondary adaptations of tetrapods to life in water. Verga, Munchen, pp 151–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP (2001b) Sirenians, seagrasses, and Cenozoic ecological change in the Caribbean. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 166:27–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP, Hayek LAC (1984) Horizontal tooth replacement in the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis). Mammalia 48:105–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP, Beatty BL (2007) Use of tusks in feeding by dugongid sirenians: observations and tests of hypotheses. Anat Rec 290:523–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Domning DP, Gingerich PD, Simons EL, Ankel-Simons FA (1994) A new early Oligocene dugongid (Mammalia, Sirenia) from Fayum Province, Egypt (No. 56 UNI). Contr Mus Paleon Univ Mich 29:89–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumont ER (2007) Feeding mechanisms in bats: variation within the constraints of flight. Integr Comp Biol 47:137–146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ewert JP, Beneke TW, Schürg-Pfeiffer E, Schwippert WW, Weerasuriya (1994) Senosorimotor processes that underlie feeding behavior in tetrapods. In: Bels VL, Chardon M, Vandewalle P (ed) Vol Advances in comparative and environmental physiology, vol 18. Springer, Berlin, pp 119–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlke JM (2012) Bite marks revisited—evidence for middle-to-late Eocene Basilosaurus isis predation on Dorudon atrox (both Cetacea, Basilosauridae). Palaeon Electr 15(32A):16

    Google Scholar 

  • Fay FH (1982) Ecology and biology of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger. North American Fauna No 74. Washington DC: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, p 279

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish FE, Blood BR, Clark BD (1991) Hydrodynamics of the feet of fish-catching bats: influence of the water surface on drag and morphological design. J Exp Zool 258:164–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish FE (1993) Comparison of swimming kinematics between terrestrial and semiaquatic opossums. J Mamm 74:275–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce RE (2008) Neoceti. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Fordyce RE, Marx FG (2012) The pygmy right whale Caperea marginata: the last of the cetotheres. Proceed Soc Lond B 280:20122645. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fudge DS, Szewciw LJ, Schwalb AN (2009) Morphology and development of blue whale baleen: an annotated translation of Tycho Tullberg’s classic 1883 paper. Aq Mamm 35:226–252. https://doi.org/10.1578/am.35.2.2009.226

    Google Scholar 

  • Geisler JH, Sanders AE (2003) Morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Cetacea. J Mamm Evol 10:23–129

    Google Scholar 

  • George CG, Stimmelmary R, Suydam R, Usip S, Givens G, Sformo T, Thewissen JGM (2016) Severe bone loss as part of the life history strategy of bowhead whales. PLoS ONE. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156753

  • German RZ, Crompton AW (1996) Ontogeny of suckling mechanisms in opossums. Brain Behav Evol 48:157–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • German RZ, Crompton AW, Levitch LC, Thexton AJ (1992) The mechanism of suckling in two species of infant mammal: miniature pigs and long-tailed macaques. J Exp Zool 261:322–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbogen JA, Calambokidis J, Shadwick RE, Oleson EM, McDonald MA, Hildebrand JA (2006) Kinematics of diving and lunge-feeding in fin whales. J Exp Biol 209:1231–1244

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbogen JA, Pyenson ND, Shadwick RE (2007) Big gulps require high drag for fin whale lunge feeding. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 349:289–301. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldbogen JA, Potvin J, Shadwick RE (2010) Skull and buccal cavity allometry increase mass-specific engulfment capacity in fin whales. Proc R Soc Lond B 277:861–868

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldbogen JA, Calambokidis J, Croll DA, McKenna MF, Oleson E, Potvin J, Pyenson ND, Schorr G, Shadwick RE, Tershy B (2012) Scaling of lunge feeding performance in rorqual whales: mass-specific energy expenditure increases with body size and progressively limits diving capacity. Funct Ecol 26:216–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould SJ (1994) Hooking leviathan by its past. Nat Hist 103:8–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman DS (1979) Ecology and behavior of the manatee in Florida. Special publication number 5. American Society of Mammalogists, p 153

    Google Scholar 

  • Herring SW (1993) Functional morphology of mammalian feeding. Am Zool 33:289–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyning JE, Mead JG (1996) Suction feeding in beaked whales: Morphological and observational evidence. Contr Sci Nat Hist Mus LA Cnty 464:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiiemae KM (2000) Mammalian feeding. In: Schwenk K (ed) Feeding: form, function and evolution in tetrapod vertebrates. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 411–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiiemae KM, Crompton A (1971) A cinefluorographic study of feeding in the American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis L.). In: Dahlber A (ed) Dental morphology and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 299–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiiemae KM, Palmer JB (2003) Tongue movements in feeding and speech. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 14:413–429

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hocking DP, Evan AR, Fitzgerald EMG (2013) Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) use suction and filter feeding when hunting small prey underwater. Polar Biol 36:211–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-012-1253-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hocking DP, Fitzgerald EM, Salverson M, Evans AR (2016) Prey capture and processing behaviors vary with prey size and shape in Australian and subantarctic fur seals. Mar Mamm Sci 32:568–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP, Ter Steege H, Bermudez MA, Mora A, Sevink J, Sanmartín I, Sanchez-Meseguer A, Anderson CL, Figueiredo JP, Jaramillo C (2010) Amazonia through time: andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science 330:927–931

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inuzuka N, Domning DP, Ray CE (1994) Summary of taxa and morphological adaptations of the Desmostylia. Island Arc 3:522–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones KE, Ruff CB, Goswami A (2013) Morphology and biomechanics of the pinniped jaw mandibular evolution without mastication. Anat Rec 296:1049–1063

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane EA, Marshall CD (2009) Comparative feeding kinematics and performance of odontocetes: belugas, Pacific white-sided dolphins, and long-finned pilot whales. J Exp Biol 212:3939–3950

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein RA, Mosterd P (1989) The excavation technique for molluscs of Pacific walrusses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) under controlled conditions. Aq Mamm 15:3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein RA, Gerrits NM, Dubbeldam J (1991) The anatomy of the Walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus) Part 2: Description of the muscles and their role in feeding and haul-out behavior. Aq Mamm 17:156–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein RA, Muller M, Terlouw A (1994) Oral suction of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in air and under water. Z Säugetierkd 59:105–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastelein RA, Staal C, Terlouw A, Muller M (1997) Pressure changes in the mouth of a feeding harbor porpoise. In: Read AJ, Wiepkema PR, Nachtigall PE (eds) The biology of the harbor porpoise. DeSpil Publishers, Groningen, pp 279–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley NP, Motani R (2015) Trophic convergence drives morphological convergence in marine tetrapods. Biol Lett 11:20140709

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon KW (1969) The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean. North American Fauna 68. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC, 352 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kienle SS, Berta A (2016) The better to eat you with: the comparative feeding morphology of phocid seals (Pinnipedia, Phocidae). J Anat 228:396–413

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keith Diagne LW (2014) Phylogenetics and feeding ecology of the African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis). PhD thesis, University of Florida

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly NP, Pyenson ND (2015) Evolutionary innovation and ecology in marine tetrapods from theTriassic to the Anthropocene. Science 348. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa3716

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kier WM, Smith KK (1985) Tongues, tentacles and trunks: the biomechanics of movement in muscular-hydrostats. Zool J Linn Soc 83:307–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilmer FH (1972) A new species of sea otter from the late Pleistocene of northwestern California. S Calif Acad Sci Bull 71:150–157

    Google Scholar 

  • King JE (1983) Seals of the world, 3rd edn. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  • Klages NTW, Cockcroft VG (1990) Feeding behavior of a captive crabeater seal. Polar Biol 10:403–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00237828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koepfli KP, Wayne RK (1998) Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. J Zool (Lond) 246:401–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Koepfli KP, Deere KA, Slater GJ, Begg C, Begg K, Grassman L, Lucherini M, Veron G, Wayne RK (2008) Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: resolving relationships, temp and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation. BMC Biol 6:10

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kohno N, Barnes LG, Hirota K (1994) Miocene fossil pinnipeds of the genera Prototaria and Neotherium (Carnivora; Odobenidae; Imagotariinae) in the North Pacific Ocean: evolution, relationships and distribution. Island Arc 3:285–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohno N (2006) A new Miocene odobenid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Hokkaido, Japan, and its implications for odobenid phylogeny. J Vert Paleont 26:411–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolmann MA, Welch KC, Summers AP, Lovejoy NR (2016) Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey. Proc R Soc B 283:20161392

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koretsky IA, Domning DP (2014) One of the oldest seals (Carnivora, Phocidae) from the old world. J Vert Paleon 34:224–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert WD (1997) The osteology and paleoecology of the giant otter Enhydritherium terraenovae. J Vert Paleon 17:738–749

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanyon JM, Sanson GD (2006a) Degenerate dentition of the dugong (Dugong dugon), or why a grazer does not need teeth: morphology, occlusion and wear of mouthparts. J Zool (Lond) 268:133–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanyon JM, Sanson GD (2006b) Mechanical disruption of seagrass in the digestive tract of the dugong. J Zool (Lond) 270:277–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauder GV, Shaffer HB (1993) Design of feeding system in aquatic vertebrates: major patterns and their evolutionary interpretations. In: Hanken J, Hall BK (eds) The skull: functional and evolutionary patterns, vol 3. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 113–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Lautenschlager S, Gill P, Luo ZX, Fagan MJ, Rayfield EJ (2016) Morphological evolution of the mammalian jaw adductor complex. Biol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Law CJ, Young C, Mehta RS (2016) Ontogenetic scaling of theoretical bite force in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Physiol Biochem Zool 9:347–363. https://doi.org/10.1086/688313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemell P, Lemell C, Snelderwaard P, Gumpenberger M, Wochesländer R, Weisgram J (2002) Feeding patterns of Chelus fimbriatus (Pleurodira: Chelidae). J Exp Biol 205:1495–1506

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luo ZX, Yuan CX, Meng QJ, Ji Q (2011) A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals. Nature 476:442–445

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lund JP, Kolta A, Westberg KG, Scott G (1998) Brainstem mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 8:718–724

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lund JP, Kolta A (2006) Generation of the central masticatory pattern and its modification by sensory feedback. Dysphagia 21:67–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Jones G, Zhang S, Shen J, Metzner W, Zhang L, Liang B (2003) Dietary analysis confirms that Rickett’s bigfooted bat (Myotis ricketti) is a piscivore. J Zool (Lond) 261:245–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Malzy P (1965) Un mammife aquatique de Madagascar: le limnogale. Mammalia 29:399–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh H, Beck CA, Vargo T (1999) Comparison of the capabilities of dugongs and West Indian manatees to masticate seagrasses. Mar Mamm Sci 15:250–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD (1997) The functional morphology of the sirenian feeding apparatus. PhD Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 208 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD (2016) Morphology of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) muscular-vibrissal complex: a functional model for phocid subambient pressure generation. Anat Rec 299:1043–1053. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Goldbogen J (2015) Marine mammal feeding mechanisms. In: Castellini MA, Mellish JA (ed) Marine mammal physiology: requisites for ocean living. CRC Press, pp 95–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Clark LA, Reep RL (1998a) The muscular hydrostat of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and its role in the use of perioral bristles. Mar Mamm Sci 14:290–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Huth GD, Edmonds VM, Halin DL, Reep RL (1998b) Prehensile use of perioral bristles during feeding and associated behaviors of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Mar Mamm Sci 14:274–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Maeda H, Iwata M, Furuta M, Asano A, Rosas F, Reep RL (2003) Orofacial morphology and feeding behaviour of the dugong, Amazonian, West African and Antillean manatees (Mammalia: Sirenia): functional morphology of the muscular—vibrissal complex. J Zool (Lond) 259:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Hsu RH, Herring SW (2005) Somatotopic organization of perioral musculature innervation within the pig facial motor nucleus. Brain Behav Evol 66:22–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Vaughn SD, Sarko D, Reep RL (2007) Topographical organization of the facial motor nucleus in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Brain Behav Evol 70:164–173

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Kovacs K, Lydersen C (2008) Feeding kinematics, suction, and hydraulic jetting capabilities in bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus). J Exp Biol 211:699–708

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Wieskotten S, Hanke W, Hanke FD, Marsh A, Kot B, Dehnhardt G (2014) Feeding kinematics, suction, and hydraulic jetting performance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). PLoS ONE 9:e86710. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086710

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall CD, Rosen D, Trites AW (2015) Feeding kinematics and performance of basal otariid pinnipeds, steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus): implications for the evolution of feeding modes. J Exp Biol 218:3229–3240. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.126573

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall LG (1978) Chironectes minimus. Mamm Sp 109:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx FG, Uhen MD (2010) Climate, critters, and cetaceans: cenozoic drivers of the evolution of modern whales. Science 327:993–996. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massare JA (1987) Tooth morphology and prey preference of Mesozoic marine reptiles. J Vert Paleon 7:121–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Masuda R, Yoshida MC (1994) A molecular phylogeny of the family Mustelidae (Mammalia, Carnivora), based on comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome b nucleotide sequences. Zool Sci 11:605–612

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCurry MR, Evans AR, Fitzgerald EMG, Adams JW, Clausen PD, McHenry CR (2017a) The remarkable convergence of skull shape in crocodilians and toothed whales. Proc R Soc B 284:20162348

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McCurry MR, Walmsley CW, Fitzgerald EMG, McHenry CR (2017b) The biomechanical consequences of longirostry in crocodilians and odontocetes. J Biomech 56:61–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsiadis TA, Smith MM (2006) How do genes make teeth to order through development? J Exp Zool Part B-Mol Dev Evol 306B:177–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell ED, Tedford RH (1973) The Enaliarctinae: a new group of extinct aquatic carnivora and a consideration of the origin of the Otariidae. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 151:203–284

    Google Scholar 

  • de Muizon C, McDonald HG, Salas R, Urbina M (2003) A new early species of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Peru. J Vert Paleon 23:886–894

    Google Scholar 

  • de Muizon C, McDonald HG, Salas R, Urbina M (2004) The evolution of feeding adaptations of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus. J Vert Paleon 24:398–410. https://doi.org/10.1671/2429b

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nogueira MR, Peracchi AL, Monteiro LR (2009) Morphological correlates of bite force and diet in the skull and mandible of phyllostomid bats. Funct Ecol 23:715–723

    Google Scholar 

  • Nerini M (1984) A review of gray whale feeding ecology. In: Jones ML, Swartz SL, Leatherwood S (eds) The Gray Whale Eschrichtius robustus. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 423–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubuser A, Peters H, Balling R, Martin GR (1997) Antagonistic interactions between FGF and BMP signaling pathways: a mechanism for positioning the sites of tooth formation. Cell 90:247–255

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dea A, Lessios HA, Coates AG, Eytan RI, Restrepo-Moreno SA, Cione AL, Collins LS, de Queiroz A, Farris DW, Norris RD, Stallard RF (2016) Formation of the Isthmus of Panama. Sci Adv 2:p.e1600883

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary MA (1998) Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence of a mesonychian and cetacean clade. In: Thewissen JGM (ed) The emergence of whales: evolutionary patterns in the origin of cetacea. Plenum Press, New York, pp 133–161

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary MA, Uhen MD (1999) The time of origin of whales and the role of behavioral changes in the terrestrial-aquatic transition. Paleo 25:534–556

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohazama A, Blackburn J, Porntaveetus T, Ota MS, Choi HY, Johnson EB, Myers P, Oommen S, Eto K, Kessler JA, Kondo T (2010) A role for suppressed incisor cuspal morphogenesis in the evolution of mammalian heterodont dentition. Proc Nat Acad Sci 107:92–97

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olivier P (2015) Foraging ecology of lactating Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) at Lovushki Island, Russia. Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen PD (2008) Water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster. In: Van Dyck S, Strahan R (eds) The mammals of Australia, 3rd edn. Reed New Holland, Sydney, Australia, pp 662–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Øritsland T (1977) Food consumption of seals in the Antarctic pack ice. In: Llano GA (ed), Adaptations within Antarctic ecosystems. In: Proceedings of the third SCAT symposium on Antarctic Biology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, pp 749–768

    Google Scholar 

  • Orton LS, Brodie PF (1987) Engulfing mechanisms of fin whales. Can J Zool 65:2898–2907

    Google Scholar 

  • Park T, Fitzgerald EMG, Evans AR (2016) Ultrasonic hearing and echolocation in the earliest toothed whales. Biol Lett 12:20160060

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pasitschniak-Arts M, Marinelli L (1998) Ornithorhyncus anatinus. Mamm Species 585:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauly D, Trites AW, Capuli E, Christensen V (1998) Diet composition and trophic levels of marine mammals. ICES J Mar Sci 55(3):467–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Peredo CM, Uhen MD (2016) A new basal chaeomysticete (mammalia: Cetacea) from the late oligocene Pysht formation of Washington, USA. Pap Palaeon 2:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peredo CM, Pyenson ND, Marshall CD, Uhen MD (2018) Tooth loss precedes the origin of baleen in whales. Current Biology 28(24):3992–4000.e2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterhans JCK, Patterson BD (1995) The ethiopian water mouse Nilopegamys osgood, with comments on semi-aquatic adaptations in African Muridae. Zool J Linn Soc 113:329–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto SJD, Shadwick RE (2013) Material and structural properties of fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Zwischensubstanz. J Morph 274:947–955. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl H (1919) Die Unterfamilie der Lutrinae. Archiv Naturgeschichte 85 A (9):1–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyenson ND, Lindberg DR (2011) What happened to gray whales during the Pleistocene? The ecological impact of sea-level change on benthic feeding areas in the North Pacific Ocean. PLoS ONE 6:e21295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pyenson ND, Goldbogen JA, Shadwick RE (2013) Mandible allometry in extant and fossil Balaenopteridae (Cetacea: Mammalia): the largest vertebrate skeletal element and its role in rorqual lunge feeding. Biol J Linn Soc 108:586–599

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyenson ND, Vermeij GJ (2016) The rise of ocean giants: maximum body size in Cenozoic marine mammals as an indicator for productivity in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Biol Lett 12:20160186

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reep RL, Marshall CD, Stoll ML, Whitaker DM (1998) Distribution and innervation of facial bristles and hairs in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Mar Mamm Sci 14:257–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Reep RL, Stoll ML, Marshall CD, Homer BL, Samuelson DA (2001) Microanatomy of facial vibrissae in the Florida manatee: the basis for specialized sensory function and oripulation. Brain Behav Evol 58:1–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reidenberg JS, Laitman JT (1994) Anatomy of the hyoid apparatus in Odontoceti (toothed whales): specializations of their skeleton and musculature compared with those of terrestrial mammals. Anat Rec 240:598–624

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly SM, McBrayer LD, White TD (2001) Prey processing in amniotes: biomechanical and behavioral patterns of food reduction. Comp Biochem Physiol A: Mol Integr Phys 128:397–415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Repenning CA, Peterson RS, Hubbs CL (1971) Contributions to the systematics of the southern fur seals, with particular reference to the Juan Fernández and Guadalupe species. In: Antarctic Pinnipedia, Burt WH (ed) Antarctic research series, vol 18. American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, pp 1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Repenning CA (1976) Enhydra and Enhydriodon from Pacific coast of North America. J Res US Geol Surv 4:305–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice DW (1998) Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Special Publication No 4. The Society for Marine Mammalogy

    Google Scholar 

  • Riedman ML, Estes JA (1988) Predation on seabirds by sea otters. Can J Zool 66:1396–1402

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe LJ, Thewissen JGM, Quade J, O’Neil J, Bajpai S, Sahni A, Hussain ST (1998) Isotopic approaches to understanding the terrestrial-to-marine transition of the earliest cetaceans. In: Thewissen JGM (ed) The emergence of whales. Plenum Press, pp 399–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Rommel SA (1990) Osteology of the bottlenose dolphin. In: Leatherwood S, Reeves RR (ed), The Bottlenose Dolphin. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 29–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosas FCW (1994) Biology, conservation and status of the Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis. Mamm Rev 24:49–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal MA (1975) Observations on the water opossum or yapok Chironectes minimus in captivity. Int Zoo Yearb15:4–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross CF, Eckhardt A, Herrel A, Hylander WL, Metzger KA, Schaerlaeken V, Washington RL, Williams SH (2007) Modulation of intra-oral processing in mammals and lepidosaurs. Integr Comp Biol 47:118–136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross GJB, Ryan F, Saayman GS, Skinner J (1976) Observations on two captive crabeater seals at the Port Elizabeth Oceanarium. Int Zoo Yearb 16:160–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossignol S, Lund JP, Drew T (1988) The role of sensory inputs in regulating patterns of rhythmical movements in higher vertebrates. In: Cohen AV, Rossignol S, Grillner S (eds) Neural control of rhythmic movements in vertebrates. Wiley, New York, pp 201–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe KC, Achmadi AS, Esselstyn JA (2014) Convergent evolution of aquatic foraging in a new genus and species (Rodentia: Muridae) from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Zootaxa 3815:541–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybczynski N, Dawson MR, Tedford RH (2009) A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia. Nature 458:1021–1022. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07985

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sacco T, Van Valkenburgh B (2004) Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in bears (Carnivora: Ursidae). J Zool (Lond) 263:41–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagne C (2001) La diversification des siréniens à l’Eocène (Sirenia Mammalia): étude morphologique et analyse phylogénétique du sirénien de Taulanne Halitherium taulannense. PhD dissertation. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage RJG, Domning DP, Thewissen JGM (1994) Fossil sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. V. The most primitive known sirenian, Prorastomus sirenoides Owen, 1855. J Vert Paleon 14:427–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler HU, Kalko EK, Kaipf I, Grinnell AD (1994) Fishing and echolocation behavior of the greater bulldog bat, Noctilio leporinus, in the field. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 35:327–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadwick RE, Goldbogen JA, Potvin J, Pyenson ND, Vogl AW (2013) Novel muscle and connective tissue design enables high extensibility and controls engulfment volume in lunge-feeding rorqual whales. J Exp Biol 216:2691–2701

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe P (1995) Homeobox genes and orofacial development. Connect Tissue Res 32:17–25

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon M, Johnson M, Tyack P, Madsen PT (2009) Behaviour and kinematics of continuous ram filtration in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Proc R Soc Lond B 276:3819–3828. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon M, Johnson M, Madsen PT (2012) Keeping momentum with a mouthful of water: behavior and kinematics of humpback whale lunge feeding. J Exp Biol 215:3786–3798. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.071092

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slater GJ, Price SA, Santini F, Alfaro ME (2010) Diversity versus disparity and the radiation of modern cetaceans. Proc R Soc B 277:3097–3104. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0408

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson MW (1962) Some aspects of water shrew behavior. Am Midl Nat 68:445–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone RD (1985) Home range movements of the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) (Insectivora: Talpidae). Z Angew Zool 72:25–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone RD (1987a) The social ecology of the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) (Insectivora: Talpidae), as revealed by radiotelemetry. J Zool (Lond) 212:117–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone RD (1987b) The activity patterns of the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)(Insectivora: Talpidae), as determined under natural conditions. J Zool (Lond) 213:95–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Szewciw LJ, de Kerckhove DG, Grime GW, Fudge DS (2010) Calcification provides mechanical reinforcement to whale baleen α-keratin. Proc R Soc Lond B 277:2597–2605. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen JGM (1998) The emergence of whales: evolutionary patterns in the origin of cetacea. Plenum Press, New York, p 477

    Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen JG, Cooper LN, Clementz MT, Bajpai S, Tiwari BN (2007) Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India. Nature 450:1190–1194

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thewissen JGM, Sensor J, Clementz M, Bajpai S (2011) Evolution of dental wear and diet during the origin of whales. Paleobiol 37:655–669

    Google Scholar 

  • Thexton AJ, Hiiemae KM, Crompton AW (1980) Food consistency and bite size as regulators of jaw movement during feeding in the cat. J Neurophysiol 44:456

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thexton AJ, Crompton AW, German RZ (1998) Transition from suckling to drinking at weaning: a kinematic and electromyographic study in miniature pigs. J Exp Zool 280:327–343

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thexton AJ, Crompton AW, Owerkowicz T, German RZ (2004) Correlation between intraoral pressures and tongue movements in the suckling pig. Arch Oral Biol 49:567–575

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timm LL. 2013. Feeding biomechanics & craniodental morphology in otters (Lutrinae). Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University

    Google Scholar 

  • Timm-Davis LL, DeWitt TJ, Marshall CD (2015) Divergent skull morphology supports two trophic specializations in otters (Lutrinae). PloS ONE 10:p.e0143236

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Timm-Davis LL, Davis RW, Marshall CD (2017) Durophagous biting in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) differs kinematically from raptorial biting of other marine mammals. J Exp Biol jeb-162966

    Google Scholar 

  • Tseng ZJ, Grohé C, Flynn JJ (2016) March A unique feeding strategy of the extinct marine mammal Kolponomos: convergence on sabretooths and sea otters. Proc R Soc B 283:N20160044

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker AS, Matthews KL, Sharpe PT (1998) Transformation of tooth type induced by inhibition of BMP signaling. Science 282:1136–1138

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker AS, Sharpe P (2004) The cutting-edge of mammalian development; how the embryo makes teeth. Nat Rev Genet 5:499–508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull WD (1970) Mammalian masticatory apparatus. Fieldiana (Zool) 18:147–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhen MD (2004) Form, function, and anatomy of Dorudon atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): an archaeocete from the middle to late Eocene of Egypt. Pap Paleontol Univ Mich 34:1–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhen M (2010) The origin(s) of whales. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 38:189–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vainio S, Karavanova I, Jowett A, Thesleff I (1993) Identification of bmp-4 as a signal mediating secondary induction between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during early tooth development. Cell 75:45–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velez-Juarbe J, Domning DP, Pyenson ND (2012) Iterative evolution of sympatric seacow (Dugongidae, Sirenia) assemblages during the past ∼26 million years. PLoS ONE 7:e31294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Veron G, Patterson BD, Reeves R (2008) Global diversity of mammals (Mammalia) in freshwater. Hydrobiol 595:607–617

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinyard CJ, Williams SH, Wall CE, Doherty AH, Crompton AW, Hylander WL (2011) A preliminary analysis of correlations between chewing motor patterns and mandibular morphology across mammals. Integr Comp Biol 51:260–270

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vogl AW, Lillie MA, Piscitelli MA, Goldbogen JA, Pyenson ND, Shadwick RE (2015) Stretchy nerves are an essential component of the extreme feeding mechanism of rorqual whales. Curr Biol 25:R360–R361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voss RS (1988) Systematics and ecology of ichthyomyine rodents (Muroidea). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 88:259–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright PC, Carroll AM, Collar DC, Day SW, Higham TE, Holzman RA (2007) Suction feeding mechanics, performance, and diversity in fishes. Integr Comp Biol 47:96–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihs D, Webb PW (1984) Optimal Avoidance and evasion tactics in predator-prey interactions. J Theor Biol 106:189–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Weijs WA (1994) Evolutionary approach of masticatory motor patterns in mammals. In: Bels VL, Chardon M, Vandewalle P (ed) Advances in comparative and environmental physiology, vol. 18. Springer, Berlin, pp. 281–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ (2000) A kinematic study of suction feeding and associated behavior in the long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas (Traill). Mar Mamm Sci 16:299–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ (2004) Functional morphology of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) tongue, with reference to suction feeding. Aq Mamm 30:405–418. https://doi.org/10.1578/am.30.3.2004.405

  • Werth AJ (2006a) Odontocete suction feeding: experimental analysis of water flow and head shape. J Morph 267:1415–1428

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ (2006b) Mandibular and dental variation and the evolution of suction feeding in Odontoceti. J Mamm 87:579–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ (2007) Adaptations of the cetacean hyolingual apparatus for aquatic feeding and thermoregulation. Anat Rec 290:546–568. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ, Potvin J (2016) Baleen hydrodynamics and morphology of cross-flow filtration in balaenid whale suspension feeding. PLoS ONE 11:e0150106. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ, Hariss RW, Rosario MV, George JC, Sformo TL (2016a) Hydration affects the physical and mechanical properties of baleen tissue. R Soc Open Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160591

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Werth AJ, Straley JM, Shadwick RE (2016b) Baleen wear reveals intraoral water flow patterns of mysticete filter feeding. J Morph 277:453–471

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westneat MW (1994) Transmission of force and velocity in the feeding mechanisms of labrid fishes (Teleostei, Perciformes). Zoomorph 114:103–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilga CD, Motta PJ, Sanford CP (2007) Evolution and ecology of feeding in elasmobranches. Integr Comp Biol 47:55–69

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziscovici C, Constantino PJ, Bromag TG, Van Casteren A (2014) Sea otter dental enamel is highly resistant to chipping due to its microstructure. Biol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0484

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Biology and Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, Galveston, USA

    Christopher D. Marshall

  2. Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA

    Nicholas D. Pyenson

Authors
  1. Christopher D. Marshall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicholas D. Pyenson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher D. Marshall .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité – UMR 7205 CNRS/MNHN/Sorbonne Université/EPHE/UA, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France

    Vincent Bels

  2. Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

    Ian Q. Whishaw

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Marshall, C.D., Pyenson, N.D. (2019). Feeding in Aquatic Mammals: An Evolutionary and Functional Approach. In: Bels, V., Whishaw, I. (eds) Feeding in Vertebrates. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation